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The expert system is based on a hierarchic, multi-level problem-solving architecture, integrating both model-based and heuristic techniques acting upon an object-oriented data structure. Several enhancements have been designed and implemented to enable the system to perform its task online and real-time. The expert system covers online processing of real-time data and intelligent alarm processing, as well as the automatic creation and update of the knowledge base. It consists of approximately 25000 objects (units) and 190 rules. The system uses the expert system tool KEE, runs on SUN workstations, and is integrated in the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system via LAN. The expert system was implemented for the Public Utilities Board Singapore controlling its 22 kV distribution network and has been online since November 1990.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s089006040000007x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,31]],"date-time":"2010-03-31T09:47:51Z","timestamp":1270028871000},"page":"65-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Model\/heuristic-based alarm processing for power systems"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Pfau-Wagenbauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Nejdl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S089006040000007X_ref016","first-page":"1318","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)","author":"Struss","year":"1989"},{"key":"S089006040000007X_ref015","volume-title":"10th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI)","author":"Pfau-Wagenbauer","year":"1992"},{"key":"S089006040000007X_ref014","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications (CAIA)","author":"Pfau-Wagenbauer","year":"1992"},{"key":"S089006040000007X_ref012","volume-title":"Tutorial at the 8th Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications (CAIA)","author":"Laffey","year":"1992"},{"key":"S089006040000007X_ref009","unstructured":"Friedrich G. , Gottlob G. and Nejdl W. 1990b. 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