{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T07:11:28Z","timestamp":1766301088467},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,27]],"date-time":"2009-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235692800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8062,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper develops a philosophy for the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques as aids in engineering project management.<\/jats:p><jats:p>First, we propose that traditional domain-independent, \u2018means\u2013and\u2019 planners, may be valuable aids for planning detailed subtasks on projects, but that domain-specific planning tools are needed for work package or executive level project planning. Next, we propose that hybrid computer systems, using knowledge processing techniques in conjunction with procedural techniques such as decision analysis and network-based scheduling, can provide valuable new kinds of decision support for project objective-setting and project control, respectively. Finally we suggest that knowledge-based interactive graphics, developed for providing graphical explanations and user control in advanced knowledge processing environments, can provide powerful new kinds of decision support for project management.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The first claim is supported by a review and analysis of previous work in the area of automated AI planning techniques. Our experience with PLATFORM I, II and III, a series of prototype AI-leveraged project management systems built using the IntelliCorp<jats:italic>Knowledge Engineering Environment<\/jats:italic>(KEE\u2122), provides the justification for the latter two claims.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060400000111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,31]],"date-time":"2010-03-31T12:36:20Z","timestamp":1270038980000},"page":"3-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Using artificial intelligence techniques to support project management"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Raymond E.","family":"Levitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90053-5"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref041","article-title":"A review of knowledge-based planning techniques","volume":"1","author":"Tate","year":"1985","journal-title":"Knowledge Engineer's Review"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref038","first-page":"215","volume-title":"IJCAI","author":"Tate","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(81)90007-2"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref012","volume-title":"A noncomputer approach to the critical path method for the construction industry","author":"Fondahl","year":"1961"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref045","first-page":"15","article-title":"The PMBOK report: PMI Body of Knowledge Standards","volume":"17","author":"Wideman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Project Management Journal"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref034","first-page":"412","volume-title":"IJCAI","author":"Sacerdoti","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref035","first-page":"206","volume-title":"IJCAI","author":"Sacerdoti","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref033","volume-title":"International Symposium on Design and Synthesis","author":"Popplestone","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref028","unstructured":"Morris P. and Nado R. 1986. Representing actions with an assumption-based truth maintenance system. Proceedings of the AAAI."},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref039","volume-title":"Project planning using a hierarchic non-linear planner","author":"Tate","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref030","first-page":"65","article-title":"A new project management system approach: The \u2018Know-How\u2019 based project management system","volume":"14","author":"Niwa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Project Management Journal"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref027","volume-title":"Project Management with CPM, PERT and Precedence Diagramming","author":"Moder","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref025","unstructured":"Luria M. 1987. Concerns: a means of identifying potential plan failures. In: Proceedings of the Third IEEE Conference on Al Applications, Orlando, Florida."},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref023","unstructured":"Kunz J. 1987. Model based reasoning. 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G. Lichtarge O. , Hewett M. , Altman R. , Brinkley J. , Cornelius C. Duncan B. , and Jardetzky O. 1986 b. PROTEAN: Deriving protein structure from constraints. Proceedings of the AAAI."},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1061\/JCCEAZ.0000408","article-title":"CPM use in top 400 construction firms","volume":"100","author":"Davis","year":"1974","journal-title":"ASCE Journal of the Construction Division"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref040","first-page":"888","volume-title":"IJCAI","author":"Tate","year":"1977"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-21626-2_57"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref006","volume-title":"The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence","volume":"3","author":"Cohen","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref036","first-page":"34","article-title":"Callisto: an intelligent project management system","volume":"7","author":"Sathi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Al Magazine"},{"key":"S0890060400000111_ref021","unstructured":"Koo C. 1987. Synchronizing plans among intelligent agents via communications. 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