{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T02:04:51Z","timestamp":1773972291596,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,27]],"date-time":"2009-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235692800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7515,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes OARPLAN, a prototype planning system that generates construction project plans from a description of the objects that comprise the completed facility. OARPLAN is based upon the notion that activities in a project plan can be viewed as intersections of their constituents: <jats:italic>objects, actions<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>resources<\/jats:italic>. Planning knowledge in OARPLAN is represented as constraints based on activity constituents and their interrelationships; the planner functions as a constraint satisfaction engine that attempts to satisfy these constraints. The goal of the OARPLAN project is to develop a planning shell for construction projects that (i) provides a natural and powerful constraint language for expressing knowledge about construction planning, and (ii) generates a facility construction plan by satisfying constraints expressed in this language.<\/jats:p><jats:p>To generate its construction plan, OARPLAN must be supplied with extensive knowledge about construction objects, actions and resources, and about spatial, topological, temporal and other relations that may exist between them. We suggest that much of the knowledge required to plan the construction of a given facility can be drawn directly from a three-dimensional CAD model of the facility, and from a variety of databases currently used in design and project management software. In the prototype OARPLAN system, facility data must be input directly as frames. However, we are collaborating with database researchers to develop intelligent interfaces to such sources of planning data, so that OARPLAN will eventually be able to send high level queries to an intelligent database access system without regard for the particular CAD system in which the project was designed.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We begin by explaining why classical AI planners and domain specific expert system approaches are both inadequate for the task of generating construction project plans. We describe the activity representation developed in OARPLAN and demonstrate its use in producing a plan of about 50 activities for a steel-frame building, based on spatial and topological constraints that express structural support, weather protection and safety concerns in construction planning. We conclude with a discussion of the research issues raised by our experiments with OARPLAN to date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060400000639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,31]],"date-time":"2010-03-31T09:48:58Z","timestamp":1270028938000},"page":"169-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["OARPLAN: Generating project plans by reasoning about objects, actions and resources"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Adnan","family":"Darwiche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond E.","family":"Levitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Hayes-Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref005","unstructured":"Hayes-Roth B. , Buchanan B. G. , Lichtarge O. , Hewett M. , Altman R. , Brinkley J. , Cornelius C. , Duncan B. and Jardetzky O. 1986. PROTEAN: deriving protein structure from constraints Proceedings of the AAAI."},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(81)90008-4"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(71)90010-5"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0394.1984.tb00424.x"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(87)90092-0"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lansky A. 1988. Localized event-based reasoning for multiagent domains. Computational Intelligence.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00282.x"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref006","volume-title":"Blackboard Systems","author":"Hayes-Roth","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref001","unstructured":"Bremdal B. A. 1987. Control issues in knowledge-based planning system for ocean engineering tasks. Proceedings of 3rd International Expert Systems Conference, pp. 21\u201336."},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref020","unstructured":"Tate A. 1976. Project planning using a hierarchic nonlinear planner. Department of Artificial Intelligence Research Rept. No. 25, University of Edinburgh."},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref014","unstructured":"Marshall G. , 1988. PhD Thesis in progress, Information Technology Research Institute, Brighton Polytechnic, Brighton, U.K."},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060400000111"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref023","volume-title":"Practical Planning: Extending The Classical AI Planning Paradigm","author":"Wilkins","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(1987)1:4(253)"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref021","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Computer-Aided Design","author":"Tommelein","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref008","unstructured":"Howard H. C. and Rehak D. R. 1988. KADBASE: a prototype expert system-database interface for engineering systems. IEEE Expert."},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(1989)3:1(18)"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(1988)2:3(239)"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-d.1987.0047"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref016","unstructured":"Sacerdoti E.D. 1975. The nonlinear nature of plans, in: Advance Papers IJCAI-75, pp. 206\u2013214."},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref017","first-page":"531","article-title":"Representation of activity knowledge for project management","volume":"7","author":"Sathi","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(81)90007-2"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90053-5"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levitt R. E. , Kartam N. A. and Kunz J. C. 1988. Artificial intelligence techniques for generating construction project plans. ASCE Journal of Construction Engineering and Management.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(1988)114:3(329)"},{"key":"S0890060400000639_ref024","volume-title":"Knowledge-based process planning for Construction and Manufacturing","author":"Zozoya-Gorostiza","year":"1989"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0890060400000639","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T15:20:12Z","timestamp":1558365612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0890060400000639\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890060400000639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0890060400000639","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-0604","1469-1760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-0604","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-1760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]}}}