{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T12:45:15Z","timestamp":1759063515259},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,27]],"date-time":"2009-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235692800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5536,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>One of the products of engineering, besides constructed artifacts, is design documentation. To understand how design participants use documentation, designers and typical documentation users were interviewed and protocols were taken of them both creating and using design documentation. The protocols were taken from realistic projects of preliminary design for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC). The studies of document creation and use revealed three important issues: (1) design participants not only look up design facts; they frequently access documents to obtain information about the <jats:italic>rationale<\/jats:italic> for design decisions; (2) the design rationale that they see often is missing from the documents; and (3) design requirements change frequently over a project life cycle so that design documents are often inconsistent and out of date. Recognizing these documentation issues in design practice, a new approach was developed in which documents are no longer static records, but rather interactive design models supporting a case. The feasibility of the approach was demonstrated by constructing a running system and testing it with designers on realistic problems. The costs and benefits of creating and using documentation of design rationale also were analyzed. In particular, the active documents approach was evaluated for a routine, preliminary design in domains where community practice is widely shared and largely standardized. The approach depends on the feasibility of creating a parametric design model for the design domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060400001001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,31]],"date-time":"2010-03-31T13:47:00Z","timestamp":1270043220000},"page":"335-354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Improving design and documentation by using partially automated synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"A. Cristina Bicharra","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H. Craig","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Stefik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref017","volume-title":"Introduction to Knowledge Systems","author":"Stefik","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref016","volume-title":"The Sciences of the Artificial","author":"Simon","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref014","first-page":"443","article-title":"Issue-serve systems: A descriptive theory for design","volume":"20","author":"McCall","year":"1986","journal-title":"Design Meth. Theories"},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref012","unstructured":"Luth G. , Krawinkler H. , & Law K.H. (1991). Representation and Reasoning for Integrated Structural Design. CIFE Technical Report #055, Center for Integrated Facility Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California."},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref011","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW-90)","author":"Lee","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref010","first-page":"214","article-title":"The electronic design notebook: Performing medium and processing medium","volume":"5","author":"Lakin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Visual Comput. Int. J. Comput. Graphics"},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref009","volume-title":"AAAI\u201992\u2013Design Rationale Workshop","author":"Karinthi","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref007","volume-title":"Design Rationale","author":"Gruber","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref006","unstructured":"Garcia A.C.B. , Howard H.C. , & Stefik M.J. (1993). Active Design Documents: A New Approach for Supporting Documentation in Preliminary Routine Design. Technical Report #48, Center for Integrated Facility Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California."},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0603&4_7"},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref004","volume-title":"Protocol Analysis. Verbal Reports as Data","author":"Ericsson","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref003","volume-title":"Knowledge-Based Design Systems","author":"Coyne","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref008","volume-title":"CHI\u201988 Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Guindon","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref001","unstructured":"Baudin C. , Sivard C. , & Zweben M. (1990). Using Device Models and Design Goals for Design Rational Capture. Technical Report, MS244\u201317, NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA."},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref015","volume-title":"Human Problem Solving","author":"Newell","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0603&4_2"},{"key":"S0890060400001001_ref002","volume-title":"Proc. 1988 Conf. Computer Supported Cooperative Work","author":"Conklin","year":"1988"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0890060400001001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T20:09:01Z","timestamp":1557950941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0890060400001001\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890060400001001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0890060400001001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-0604","1469-1760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-0604","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-1760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994]]}}}