{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:37:34Z","timestamp":1762004254161},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,27]],"date-time":"2009-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235692800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7150,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Expert systems employing current methodologies suffer from two major problems: they are brittle and their development is time-consuming and tedious.<jats:italic>Learning<\/jats:italic>, the key to intelligent human behavior and expertise, has the potential of alleviating these difficulties. The paper reviews a number of machine learning techniques and provides a framework for their classification. The description of each technique is followed by an example taken from the domain of structural design. The applicability of machine learning techniques to expert systems is discussed, including some prototype applications and their shortcomings. Three promising research directions are outlined as a partial solution for the shortcomings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060400001219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,31]],"date-time":"2010-03-31T13:48:56Z","timestamp":1270043336000},"page":"175-193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The potential of machine learning techniques for expert systems"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Yoram","family":"Reich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Fenves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref061","volume-title":"Proceedings of The Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Weiss","year":"1979"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref058","volume-title":"Knowledge and Cognition","author":"Simon","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref055","volume-title":"Proceedings of AAAI-86","author":"Rosenbloom","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref050","volume-title":"Machine Learning: A Guide to Current Research","author":"Mostow","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116250"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref047","volume-title":"Proceedings of The Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Mitchell","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref038","volume-title":"VT: an expert elevator configurer","author":"Marcus","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116251"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref011","volume-title":"Machine Learning: A Guide to Current Research","author":"Doyle","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-7921-2","volume-title":"Structural Optimization\u2014Volume 1: Optimality Criteria","author":"Save","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90016-X"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116249"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref052","volume-title":"The Analysis and Design of Light Structures","author":"Owen","year":"1965"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(87)90050-6"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630350509"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440409463229"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0902_2"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref022","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Machine Learning","author":"Kolodner","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-12405-5"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref010","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Machine Learning Workshop","author":"Dietterich","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref018","volume-title":"Argo: An Analogical Reasoning System for Solving Design Problems","author":"Huhns","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref026","volume-title":"A Universal Weak Method","author":"Laird","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref054","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence Developments and Applications","author":"Quinlan","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116894"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref045","volume-title":"Artificial and Human Intelligence","author":"Mitchell","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(88)90012-4"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref059","volume-title":"Iterative Structural Design","author":"Spillers","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref023","volume-title":"Coupling Symbolic and Numerical Computing in Expert Systems","author":"Kowalik","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7949(74)90043-1"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90037-7"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref036","first-page":"65","article-title":"CYC: using common sense knowledge to overcome brittleness and knowledge acquisition bottlenecks","volume":"6","author":"Lenat","year":"1986","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80042-1"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(78)90010-3"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref004","volume-title":"Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach","author":"Carbonell","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref005","volume-title":"Machine Learning: An Artifical Intelligence Approach. Volume II","author":"Carbonell","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref060","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Machine Learning","author":"Steier","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(79)90014-6"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref013","volume-title":"Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Machine Learning","author":"Falkenhainer","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00114116"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80034-2"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref024","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Machine Learning Workshop","author":"Kulikowski","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref046","volume-title":"Machine Learing: An Artificial Intelligence Approach","author":"Michell","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00114265"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref015","volume-title":"Proceeding of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Fisher","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(86)90089-5"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80036-6"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref062","volume-title":"The Psychology of Computer Vision","author":"Winston","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(82)90012-1"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref020","volume-title":"Proceedings of AAAI-87","author":"Kass","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_1"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref030","volume-title":"Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition","author":"Langley","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1985.4767703"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90038-9"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref033","volume-title":"Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach Volume II","author":"Langley","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref032","volume-title":"A framework for empirical discovery","author":"Langley","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(83)80005-8"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1985.4767698"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref037","volume-title":"Proceedings of The Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Marcus","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref039","volume-title":"Information Processing 86","author":"McDermott","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(80)80054-X"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-12405-5"},{"key":"S0890060400001219_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(82)90040-6"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0890060400001219","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T12:04:13Z","timestamp":1591185853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0890060400001219\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,8]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890060400001219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0890060400001219","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-0604","1469-1760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-0604","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-1760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,8]]}}}