{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:06:34Z","timestamp":1761512794020},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,27]],"date-time":"2009-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235692800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5081,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Concurrent engineering is often viewed either from a technical point of view\u2014that is, as a problem that can be solved by creating and integrating computer-based tools\u2014or from an organizational point of view\u2014that is, as a problem that can be solved by creating and reorganizing teams of designers. In this paper we argue that concurrent engineering requires both technical and organizational solutions, and we call the result <jats:italic>concurrent design<\/jats:italic>. We believe that the essence of concurrent design is the myriad of interactions that occur at the interfaces among all of the members of a design team and all their tools. Solving either the technical or organizational problems by assuming away the interactions will not solve the problems of concurrent design.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In this paper we present two case studies of concurrent design in practice that have changed our assumptions about design and which have changed our research agenda. We also present the evolution of concurrent design research at the Carnegie Mellon Engineering Design Research Center. In our research, we have designed, manufactured, and used our own tools as well as observed their use by others\u2014where the tools include mobile computers, design analysis programs, and information organization tools. Through this process, we have learned about design education and design practice, and we have uncovered new issues for design research. We see the interactions among design research, practice, and education as essential to understanding concurrent design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060400002146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,31]],"date-time":"2010-03-31T13:46:47Z","timestamp":1270043207000},"page":"89-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Concurrent design happens at the interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Finger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Konda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eswaran","family":"Subrahmanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref019","article-title":"Equations aren\u2019t enough: Informal modeling in design","volume":"7","author":"Subrahmanian","year":"1993","journal-title":"Artif. Intel. Engrg. Des. Anal. Manuf"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref010","unstructured":"Finger S. , Gardner E. , & Subrahmanian E. (1993). Design support systems for concurrent engineering: A case study in large power transformer design. Proc. Int. Conf. Engineering Design. ICED \u201993, The Hauge."},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref016","article-title":"An interdisciplinary concurrent design methodology applied to the navigator wearable computer system","volume":"2","author":"Siewiorek","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Comput. Software Engrg"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref015","unstructured":"Sanvad E. (1989). Hyper-object system for software engineering. Technical Report. Department of Computer Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark."},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref014","unstructured":"Reich Y. , & Subrahmanian E. (1992). Concurrent engineering: An ex-tended view. EDRC Technical Report. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA."},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref011","article-title":"The design of an intelligent software hypertext system","volume":"5","author":"Garg","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Des. Manuf."},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08839519208949955"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-694X(84)90012-7"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0904_3"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-739X(92)90002-S"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/54.232473"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02032390"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amon C.H. , Nigen J.S. , Siewiorek D.P. , Smailagic A. , & Stivoric J. (1994). Concurrent design and analysis of the navigator wearable computer system: The thermal perspective. Paper presented at the 4th Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena in Electronic Systems.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITHERM.1994.342905"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref002","volume-title":"Workshop on Rapid System Prototyping","author":"Akella","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/58566.59297"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref007","volume-title":"Proc. Sixth Int. ASME Conf. on Design Theory and Methodology","author":"Coyne","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060400000536"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref018","volume-title":"Towards a shared information environment for engineering design","author":"Subrahmanian","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060400000457"},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref020","unstructured":"Talukdar S. , Elfes A. , & Papanikolopoulos N. (1988). Concurrent design, simultaneous engineering and distributed problem solving Technical Report. Engineering Design Research Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA."},{"key":"S0890060400002146_ref005","volume-title":"Product Development Performance","author":"Clark","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0890060400002146","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T22:52:53Z","timestamp":1557787973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0890060400002146\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890060400002146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0890060400002146","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-0604","1469-1760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-0604","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-1760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]}}}