{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T18:10:29Z","timestamp":1738260629472,"version":"3.35.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,12]],"date-time":"2008-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1213228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper describes how genetic programming has been used as an invention machine to automatically synthesize complete designs for four optical lens systems that duplicated the functionality of previously patented lens systems. The automatic synthesis of the complete design is done<jats:italic>ab initio<\/jats:italic>, that is, without starting from a preexisting good design and without prespecifying the number of lenses, the topological arrangement of the lenses, or the numerical or nonnumerical parameters associated with any lens. One of the genetically evolved lens systems infringed a previously issued patent, whereas the others were noninfringing novel designs that duplicated (or improved upon) the performance specifications contained in the patents. One of the patents was issued in the 21st century. The designs were created in a substantially similar and routine way, suggesting that the approach described in the paper can be readily applied to other similar problems in the field of optical design. The genetically evolved designs are instances of human-competitive results produced by genetic programming in the field of optical design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060408000176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,12]],"date-time":"2008-06-12T13:19:47Z","timestamp":1213276787000},"page":"249-273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Automated<i>ab initio<\/i>synthesis of complete designs of four patented optical lens systems by means of genetic programming"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"John R.","family":"Koza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sameer H.","family":"Al-Sakran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lee W.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0890060408000176_ref37","unstructured":"Tackaberry R.B. , & Muller R.M. (1958). Telescope eyepiece system. US Patent 2,829,560. Filed October 15, 1956. Issued April 8, 1958."},{"volume-title":"Modern Lens Design: A Resource Manual","year":"1992","author":"Smith","key":"S0890060408000176_ref34"},{"key":"S0890060408000176_ref33","unstructured":"Scidmore W.H. (1968). Wide angle eyepiece. US Patent 3,390,935. Filed August 9, 1965. Issued July 2, 1968."},{"key":"S0890060408000176_ref32","unstructured":"Nagler A. (1985). Wide angle eyepiece. US Patent 4,525,035. Filed January 5, 1984. Issued January 25, 1985."},{"volume-title":"Genetic Programming: The Movie","year":"1992","author":"Koza","key":"S0890060408000176_ref29"},{"key":"S0890060408000176_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010076532029"},{"volume-title":"Genetic Programming IV: Routine Human-Competitive Machine Intelligence","year":"2003","author":"Koza","key":"S0890060408000176_ref26"},{"key":"S0890060408000176_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koza J.R. , Bennett F.H. III , Andre D. , & Keane M.A. (1996 e). Reuse, parameterized reuse, and hierarchical reuse of substructures in evolving electrical circuits using genetic programming. Proc. Int. Conf. Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware (ICES\u201396), Lecture Notes in Computer Science ( Higuchi T. , Iwata M. , & Liu W. , Eds.), Vol. 1259, pp. 312\u2013326. Berlin: Springer\u2013Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-63173-9_56"},{"key":"S0890060408000176_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koza J.R. , Bennett F.H. III , Andre D. , & Keane M.A. (1996 c). Automated design of both the topology and sizing of analog electrical circuits using genetic programming. Proc. Artificial Intelligence in Design'96 ( Gero J.S. , & Sudweeks F. , Eds.), pp. 151\u2013170. 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