{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:51:39Z","timestamp":1762390299471,"version":"3.35.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,12]],"date-time":"2008-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1213228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrate the use of genetic programming in the automatic invention of quantum computing circuits that solve problems of potential theoretical and practical significance. We outline a developmental genetic programming scheme for such applications; in this scheme the evolved programs, when executed, build quantum circuits and the resulting quantum circuits are then tested for \u201cfitness\u201d using a quantum computer simulator. Using the PushGP genetic programming system and the QGAME quantum computer simulator we demonstrate the invention of a new, better than classical quantum circuit for the two-oracle AND\/OR problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060408000188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,12]],"date-time":"2008-06-12T13:19:47Z","timestamp":1213276787000},"page":"275-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Machine invention of quantum computing circuits by means of genetic programming"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Lee","family":"Spector","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,12]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Genetic Programming Theory and Practice III","year":"2005","author":"Yu","key":"S0890060408000188_ref39"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/61\/2\/002"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014538503543"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1145\/1068009.1068292","article-title":"The Push3 execution stack and the evolution of control","author":"Spector","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conf."},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref32","first-page":"500","article-title":"Communication capacities of some quantum gates, discovered in part through genetic programming","author":"Spector","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. Quantum Communication, Measurement, and Computing"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spector L. , Barnum H. , Bernstein H.J. , & Swamy N. (1999 b). Finding a better-than-classical quantum AND\/OR algorithm using genetic programming. Proc. Congr. Evolutionary Computation, pp. 2239\u20132246.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.1999.785553"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref27","first-page":"137","article-title":"Autoconstructive evolution: Push, Pushgp, and Pushpop","author":"Spector","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conf."},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8983-3"},{"volume-title":"Genetic Programming Theory and Practice II","year":"2004","author":"O'Reilly","key":"S0890060408000188_ref23"},{"volume-title":"Schr\u00f6dinger's Machines: The Quantum Technology Reshaping Everyday Life","year":"1997","author":"Milburn","key":"S0890060408000188_ref21"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010076532029"},{"volume-title":"Genetic Programming IV: Routine Human-Competitive Machine Intelligence","year":"2003","author":"Koza","key":"S0890060408000188_ref18"},{"volume-title":"Genetic Programming III: Darwinian Invention and Problem Solving","year":"1999","author":"Koza","key":"S0890060408000188_ref16"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref12","first-page":"461","article-title":"Designing neural networks using genetic algorithms with graph generation system","volume":"4","author":"Kitano","year":"1990","journal-title":"Complex Systems"},{"volume-title":"Advances in Genetic Programming","year":"1994","author":"Kinnear","key":"S0890060408000188_ref11"},{"volume-title":"Quantum Computing","year":"1999","author":"Gruska","key":"S0890060408000188_ref8"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref6","unstructured":"Crawford-Marks R. , & Spector L. (2002). Size control via size fair genetic operators in the PushGP genetic programming system. Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conf., pp. 733\u2013739."},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0839-9"},{"volume-title":"Genetic Programming\u2014An Introduction; On the Automatic Evolution of Computer Programs and its Applications","year":"1997","author":"Banzhaf","key":"S0890060408000188_ref2"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-0279-4_9"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.2006.14.1.21"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060408000127"},{"volume-title":"Genetic Programming II: Automatic Discovery of Reusable Programs","year":"1994","author":"Koza","key":"S0890060408000188_ref14"},{"volume-title":"Minds, Machines and the Multiverse: The Quest for the Quantum Computer","year":"2000","author":"Brown","key":"S0890060408000188_ref5"},{"volume-title":"Quantum Computation and Quantum Information","year":"2000","author":"Nielsen","key":"S0890060408000188_ref22"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10710-007-9026-x"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0305-4470\/33\/45\/304"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref7","unstructured":"Gruau F. (1993). Genetic synthesis of modular neural networks. Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Genetic Algorithms, pp. 318\u2013325."},{"volume-title":"Automatic Quantum Computer Programming: A Genetic Programming Approach","year":"2004","author":"Spector","key":"S0890060408000188_ref28"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref37","unstructured":"Spector L. , & Stoffel K. (1996). Ontogenetic programming. Genetic Programming 1996: Proc. 1st Annual Conf., pp. 394\u2013399."},{"volume-title":"Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection","year":"1992","author":"Koza","key":"S0890060408000188_ref13"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1090.001.0001","volume-title":"Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence","author":"Holland","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1110.001.0001","volume-title":"Advances in Genetic Programming 3","author":"Spector","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-49650-4"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/367701.367709"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref33","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Genetic Programming Theory and Practice III","author":"Spector","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref40","unstructured":"Wilson S.W. (1987). The genetic algorithm and biological development. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Genetic Algorithms, pp. 247\u2013251."},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1110.001.0001","volume-title":"Advances in Genetic Programming 3","author":"Spector","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1109.001.0001","volume-title":"Advances in Genetic Programming 2","author":"Angeline","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0890060408000188_ref29","unstructured":"Spector L. , Barnum H. , & Bernstein H.J. (1998). Genetic programming for quantum computers. Genetic Programming 1998: Proc. 3rd Annual Conf., pp. 365\u2013373."}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0890060408000188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T17:48:21Z","timestamp":1738259301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0890060408000188\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890060408000188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0890060408000188","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-0604","1469-1760"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0890-0604"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-1760"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,12]]}}}