{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T23:10:07Z","timestamp":1746400207165,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412035200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A multistudy approach is presented that allows design thinking of complex systems to be studied by triangulating causal controlled lab findings with coded data from more complex products. A case study illustration of this approach is provided. During the conceptual design of engineering systems, designers face many cognitive challenges, including design fixation, errors in their mental models, and the sunk cost effect. These factors need to be mitigated for the generation of effective ideas. Understanding the effects of these challenges in a realistic and complex engineering system is especially difficult due to a variety of factors influencing the results. Studying the design of such systems in a controlled environment is extremely challenging because of the scale and complexity of such systems and the time needed to design the systems. Considering these challenges, a mixed-method approach is presented for studying the design thinking of complex engineering systems. This approach includes a controlled experiment with a simple system and a qualitative cognitive-artifacts study on more complex engineering systems followed by the triangulation of results. The triangulated results provide more generalizable information for complex system design thinking. This method combines the advantages of quantitative and qualitative study methods, making them more powerful while studying complex engineering systems. The proposed method is illustrated further using an illustrative study on the cognitive effects of physical models during the design of engineering systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060414000535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T11:02:51Z","timestamp":1412074971000},"page":"369-384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spanning the complexity chasm: A research approach to move from simple to complex engineering systems"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Vimal","family":"Viswanathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Linsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1125021.1125094"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref81","unstructured":"Westmoreland S.N. (2012). Design thinking: cognitive patterns in engineering design documentation. PhD Thesis. University of Maryland, College Park."},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viswanathan V.K. , & Linsey J.S. (2011 a). Design fixation in physical modeling: an investigation on the role of sunk cost. Proc. Int. Conf. Design Theory and Methodology, Paper No. DETC2011-47862, Washington, DC, August 29\u201331.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2011-47862"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4025290"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4024123"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060412000170"},{"volume-title":"Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches","year":"1998","author":"Tashakkori","key":"S0890060414000535_ref68"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0954-1810(95)00002-Z"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(96)00023-3"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09544820601072387"},{"volume-title":"Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach","year":"2003","author":"Pahl","key":"S0890060414000535_ref54"},{"volume-title":"Product Design: Techniques in Reverse Engineering and New Product Development","year":"2001","author":"Otto","key":"S0890060414000535_ref53"},{"volume-title":"An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis","year":"2008","author":"Ott","key":"S0890060414000535_ref52"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2009.07.002"},{"volume-title":"Research in Education: Evidence-Based Inquiry","year":"2014","author":"McMillan","key":"S0890060414000535_ref48"},{"volume-title":"Experiences in Visual Thinking","year":"1972","author":"McKim","key":"S0890060414000535_ref47"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2010.08.001"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4003498","article-title":"An experimental study of group idea generation techniques: understanding the roles of idea representation and viewing methods","volume":"133","author":"Linsey","year":"2011","journal-title":"ASME Transactions: Journal of Mechanical Design"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3086032"},{"volume-title":"Experimental Design","year":"1982","author":"Kirk","key":"S0890060414000535_ref41"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X033007014"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-694X(91)90003-F"},{"volume-title":"Design Secrets: Products","year":"2003","key":"S0890060414000535_ref33"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.01.088"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-5720(87)90039-8"},{"volume-title":"Design Secrets: Products 2: 50 Real-Life Projects Uncovered","year":"2004","author":"Haller","key":"S0890060414000535_ref26"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15710880601170826"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03052159108941075"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-85233-863-3_7"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2010.02.001"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(01)00009-6"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558689812451792"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2008.01.003"},{"volume-title":"Doing Quantitative Psychological Research: From Design to Report","year":"1997","author":"Clark-Carter","key":"S0890060414000535_ref16"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref15","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Following the wrong footsteps: fixation effects of pictorial examples in a design problem-solving task","volume":"31","author":"Chrysikou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"volume-title":"Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research","year":"2007","author":"Creswell","key":"S0890060414000535_ref19"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.13.4.442.2953"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2005.04.005"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cagan J. , Dinar M. , Shah J.J. , Leifer L. , Linsey J. , Smith S. , & Vargas-Hernandez N. (2013). Empirical studies of design thinking: past, present, future. Proc. ASME Int. Design Engineering Technical Confs. Computers and Information in Engineering Conf., Paper No. DETC2013-13302, Portland, OR, Aug 4\u20137.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2013-13302"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jee.20003"},{"volume-title":"Qualitative Data: An Introduction to Coding and Analysis","year":"2003","author":"Auerbach","key":"S0890060414000535_ref7"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-587-1"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.2008.tb00981.x"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.2007.tb00945.x"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah J.J. , Smith S.M. , Vargas-Hernandez N. , Gerkens D.R. , & Wulan M. (2003 b). Empirical studies of design ideation: alignment of design experiments with lab experiments. Proc. ASME Int. Design Engineering Technical Confs., Paper No. DETC2003\/DTM-48679, Chicago, September 2\u20136.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2003\/DTM-48679"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09544829508907898"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139174084"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4001110"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2004.05.003"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1001_3"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viswanathan V.K. , & Linsey J.S. (2010). Physical models in idea generation\u2014hindrance or help? Proc. Int. Conf. Design Theory and Methodology, Paper No. DETC2010-28327, Montreal, August 15\u201318.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2010-28327"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-694X(92)90268-F"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(85)90049-4"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023980212097"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref80","first-page":"43","article-title":"The second Toyota paradox: how delaying decisions can make better cars faster","volume":"36","author":"Ward","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sloan Management Review"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hannah R. , Michaelrag A. , & Summers J. (2008). A proposed taxonomy for physical prototypes: structure and validation. Proc. ASME Int. Design Engineering Technical Conf., Paper No. DETC2008-49976, New York, August 3\u20136.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2008-49976"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref49","article-title":"Perspectives on complex-system engineering","volume":"3","year":"2005","journal-title":"Collaborations"},{"volume-title":"40 Principles: TRIZ Keys to Innovation","year":"1997","author":"Altshuller","key":"S0890060414000535_ref2"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref59","article-title":"The characteristics of innovative, mechanical products","volume":"133","author":"Saunders","year":"2009","journal-title":"ASME Transactions: Journal of Mechanical Design"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(97)00015-X"},{"volume-title":"Mental Models","year":"1983","author":"Gentner","key":"S0890060414000535_ref23"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viswanathan V.K. , & Linsey J.S. (2009). Enhancing student innovation: physical models in the idea generation process. Proc. ASEE\/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conf., Paper No. 978-1-4244-4714-5\/09, San Antonio, TX, October 18\u201321.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2009.5350810"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref28","first-page":"417","volume-title":"Analysing Design Activity","author":"Harrison","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(02)00034-0"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4007148"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref38","first-page":"35","article-title":"Prototyping is the shorthand of innovation","volume":"12","author":"Kelley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Design Management Journal"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1881.001.0001","volume-title":"Cognition in the Wild","author":"Hutchins","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558689812458976"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref14","first-page":"29","article-title":"The relationship of analogical distance to analogical function and pre-inventive structure: the case of engineering design","volume":"35","author":"Christensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Creative Cognition: Analogy and Incubation"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref66","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Common Ground","author":"Suwa","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-7051(98)00086-0"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2011.07.002"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2008-49980"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-003-0033-5"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781466593442","volume-title":"Creativity as an Exact Science: The Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems","author":"Altshuller","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/368749"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558689810376949"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1315592"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viswanathan V.K. , Esposito N. , & Linsey J. (2012). Training tomorrow's designers: a study on design fixation. Proc. ASEE Annual Conf., Paper No. 2012-4925, San Antonio, TX, June 10\u201313.","DOI":"10.18260\/1-2--22129"},{"volume-title":"Universal Principles of Design","year":"2003","author":"Lidwell","key":"S0890060414000535_ref44"},{"volume-title":"Experimental Designs Using ANOVA","year":"2007","author":"Tabachnick","key":"S0890060414000535_ref67"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-7051(92)90026-C"},{"key":"S0890060414000535_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viswanathan V.K. , & Linsey J.S. (2011 b). Understanding physical models in design cognition: a triangulation of qualitative and laboratory studies. Proc. ASEE\/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conf., Paper No. 978-1-61284-469-5\/11, Rapid City, SD, October 12\u201316.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2011.6142848"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0890060414000535","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T22:48:08Z","timestamp":1746398888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0890060414000535\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890060414000535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0890060414000535","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-0604","1469-1760"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0890-0604"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-1760"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]}}}