{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T17:56:57Z","timestamp":1763747817828,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]],"date-time":"2018-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525824000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of grammars in design and analysis has been set back by the lack of automated ways to induce them from arbitrarily structured datasets. Machine translation methods provide a construct for inducing grammars from coded data which have been extended to be used for design through pre-coded design data. This work introduces a four-step process for inducing grammars from un-coded structured datasets which can constitute a wide variety of data types, including many used in the design. The method includes: (1) extracting objects from the data, (2) forming structures from objects, (3) expanding structures into rules based on frequency, and (4) finding rule similarities that lead to consolidation or abstraction. To evaluate this method, grammars are induced from generated data, architectural layouts and three-dimensional design models to demonstrate that this method offers usable grammars automatically which are functionally similar to grammars produced by hand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060417000464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]],"date-time":"2018-05-09T07:35:59Z","timestamp":1525851359000},"page":"177-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Efficient probabilistic grammar induction for design"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6395-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark E.","family":"Whiting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philip","family":"LeDuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsc.2013.09.003"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6nigseder C and Shea K (2015) Analyzing generative design grammars. In Design Computing and Cognition \u201814, pp. 363\u2013381.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14956-1_21"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CGIV.2009.74"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00058753"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0190(82)90086-2"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-0279-4_3"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b250011"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-2393-4_19"},{"volume-title":"Axiomatic Design: Advances and Applications","year":"2001","author":"Suh","key":"S0890060417000464_ref38"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4000449"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref2","unstructured":"Babai L (2015) Graph Isomorphism in Quasipolynomial Time. arXiv 7443327, 84."},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.1983.10"},{"volume-title":"Collada-Digital Asset Schema Release 1.5.0, Specification","year":"2008","author":"Barnes","key":"S0890060417000464_ref5"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref6","first-page":"321","article-title":"A generic shape grammar for the Palladian Villa, Malagueira house, and prairie house","volume":"12","author":"Benr\u00f3s","year":"2012","journal-title":"Design Computing and Cognition \u201812\u2019"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref9","unstructured":"DeNero J and Uszkoreit J (2011) Inducing sentence structure from parallel corpora for reordering. In EMNLP 2011 \u2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Proceedings of the Conference, pp. 193\u2013203."},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2007.46"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref12","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Formal Design Methods for Computer-Aided Design","author":"Gero","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref13","unstructured":"Gips J (1999) Computer implementation of shape grammars. In Proc. Workshop on Shape Computation, MIT. Accessed at http:\/\/www.shapegrammar.org\/implement.pdf"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref14","unstructured":"Hagberg AA , Schult DA and Swart PJ (2008) Exploring network structure, dynamics, and function using NetworkX. In Proceedings of the 7th Python in Science Conference (SciPy2008), pp. 11\u201315."},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611972825.71"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref16","first-page":"829","volume-title":"The Art of Computer Programming Volume 3. Sorting and Searching","author":"Knuth","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kudo T and Matsumoto Y (2002) Japanese dependency analysis using cascaded chunking. In Proceeding of the 6th Conference on Natural language learning \u2013 COLING-02, vol. 20, pp. 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.3115\/1118853.1118869"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref19","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace","author":"Leach","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2006.06.022"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref23","unstructured":"Mikolov T , Le QV and Sutskever I (2013) Exploiting similarities among languages for machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1309.4168v1, 1\u201310."},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10590-010-9083-4"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-58473-0_141"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3066681"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.2307\/1424540","article-title":"Mathematics of the ideal villa and other essays","volume":"31","author":"Rowe","year":"1977","journal-title":"Jae"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Handbook of graph grammars and computing by graph transformation","volume":"1","author":"Rozenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Handbook of Graph Grammars"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01589682"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref32","unstructured":"Schwenk H (2012) Continuous space translation models for phrase-based statistical machine translation. COLING (Posters) (December), pp. 1071\u20131080."},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.25088\/ComplexSystems.17.1.79","article-title":"Using shape grammar to derive cellular automata rule patterns","volume":"17","author":"Speller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Complex Systems"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b070343"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b050005"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talton J , Yang L , Kumar R , Lim M , Goodman N and M\u011bch R (2012) Learning design patterns with Bayesian grammar induction. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology \u2013 UIST \u201912, p. 63.","DOI":"10.1145\/2380116.2380127"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2012.02.009"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b38227"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ates K and Zhang K (2007) Constructing VEGGIE: machine learning for context-sensitive graph grammars. In Proceedings \u2013 International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, ICTAI, pp. 456\u2013463.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTAI.2007.59"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding Y and Palmer M (2005) Machine translation using probabilistic synchronous dependency insertion grammars. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'05), vol 38 (June), pp. 541\u201348.","DOI":"10.3115\/1219840.1219907"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2013.03.004"},{"key":"S0890060417000464_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S089006040216402X"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0890060417000464","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T11:18:16Z","timestamp":1751627896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0890060417000464\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890060417000464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0890060417000464","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-0604","1469-1760"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0890-0604"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-1760"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}}}