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The second challenge is the relevant part searching algorithm that provides an extensive exploration of the design space\u2013time efficiently. In this work, we propose a novel method to solve both problems; we treat shapes as they are and use a parallel particle swarm optimization-based algorithm to compute emergent parts. The execution time of the proposed method is improved substantially by dividing the search space into small parts and carrying out searches in each part concurrently using a graphics processing unit. The experiments show that the proposed implementation detects emergent parts accurately and time efficiently.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s089006041700052x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T05:23:02Z","timestamp":1530508982000},"page":"256-268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Embedding parts in shape grammars using a parallel particle swarm optimization method on graphics processing units"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Hacer Yalim","family":"Keles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S089006041700052X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b070463"},{"key":"S089006041700052X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b36010"},{"key":"S089006041700052X_ref28","unstructured":"Stiny G and Gips J (1972) Shape grammars and the generative Specification of painting and sculpture. In Proceedings of IFIP Congress 1971. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co."},{"key":"S089006041700052X_ref8","unstructured":"Jowers I (2006) Computation with curved shapes: towards freeform shape generation in design. 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