{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T21:58:24Z","timestamp":1747173504294,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599782400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Design effort is a key resource for product design projects. Environments where design effort is scarce, and therefore valuable, include hackathons and other time-limited design challenges. Predicting design effort needs is key to successful project planning; therefore, understanding design effort-influencing factors (objective considerations that are universally accepted to exert influence on a subject, that is, types of phenomena, constraints, characteristics, or stimulus) will aid in planning success, offering an improved organizational understanding of product design, characterizing the design space and providing a perspective to assess project briefs from the outset. This paper presents the Collaborative Factor Identification for Design Effort (CoFIDE) Method based on Hird's (2012) method for developing resource forecasting tools for new product development teams. CoFIDE enables the collection of novel data of, and insight into, the collaborative understanding and perceptions of the most influential factors of design effort levels in design projects and how their behavior changes over the course of design projects. CoFIDE also enables design teams, hackathon teams, and makerspace collaborators to characterize their creative spaces, to quickly enable mutual understanding, without the need for complex software and large bodies of past project data. This insight offers design teams, hackathon teams, and makerspace collaborators opportunities to capitalize on positive influences while minimizing negative influences. This paper demonstrates the use of CoFIDE through a case study with a UK-based product design agency, which enabled the design team to identify and model the behavior of four influential factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060420000359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T08:58:20Z","timestamp":1599814700000},"page":"341-362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What's taking so long? A collaborative method of collecting designers\u2019 insight into what factors increase design effort levels in projects"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9511-8121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Freddie","family":"Holliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Avril","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Hird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicky","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5885.1020112"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2016.06.001"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2013.130"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, RP and Eppinger, SD (1997) A Predictive Model of Sequential Iteration in Engineering Design. Catonsville, MD: Management Science.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.43.8.1104"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA.2015.7237548"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(00)00014-4"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2014.78"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/002224379703400102","article-title":"Product development cycle time and organizational performance","volume":"34","author":"Ittner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research, American Marketing Association"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01596486"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2007.894080","article-title":"An approach to estimating product design time based on fuzzy -nu-support vector machine","volume":"18","author":"Yan","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEMI.2011.6037953"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1108\/IJMPB-03-2017-0022","article-title":"Proposed framework for estimating effort in design projects","volume":"11","author":"Benedetto","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Managing Projects in Business"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref18","unstructured":"Hird, A (2012) A Systems Approach to Resource Planning in New Product Development (Thesis [Eng. D]). Dept. of Design, M. and E.M., Glasgow: University of Strathclyde, 2012."},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2008.10.003"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30817-8_87","volume-title":"Smart Product Engineering","author":"Pollmanns","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/54.573364"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e18060231"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S089006041300005X"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(98)00024-6"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2003.12.005"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2015.993558"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1063293X16631800"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/17.820727","article-title":"Technology novelty, project complexity, and product development project execution success: a deeper look at task uncertainty in product innovation","volume":"47","author":"Tatikonda","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2005.850722","article-title":"A simulation-based process model for managing complex design projects","volume":"52","author":"Cho","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2012.11.009"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/for.3980070104"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(00)00015-6"},{"volume-title":"The Design of Experiments","year":"1949","author":"Fisher","key":"S0890060420000359_ref14"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-005-0098-6"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250140502"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref20","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Chapter 1 \u2013 An Overview of Design Projects BT, Engineering Design, Planning, and Management","author":"Jack","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-4748(97)00004-0"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01944368908975401"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2851384"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-4748(94)90011-6"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-009-0079-0"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref33","first-page":"93","article-title":"Infused design. I. Theory","volume":"15","author":"Shai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Research in Engineering Design"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref17","unstructured":"Hellenbrand, D , Helten, K and Lindemann, U (2010) Approach for development cost estimation in early design phases, Proceedings of DESIGN 2010, the 11th International Design Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia, pp. 779\u2013788."},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2009.2030417"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersson, J , Pohl, J and Eppinger, SD (1998) A design process modelling approach incorporating nonlinear elements. Proceedings of 1998 DETC: ASME Design Theory and Methodology Conference. Atlanta, Georgia: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC98\/DTM-5663"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2018.290110547"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.05.069"},{"key":"S0890060420000359_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01944368508976801"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0890060420000359","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T17:03:49Z","timestamp":1723568629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0890060420000359\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890060420000359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0890060420000359","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-0604","1469-1760"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0890-0604"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-1760"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}