{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:17:10Z","timestamp":1767665830214,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":63,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000838","name":"University of Sussex","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000838","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper presents a preliminary study into the spatial features that can be used to distinguish creativity andefficiency in design layouts, and the distinct pattern of cognitive and metacognitive activity that is associated with creative design. In a design experiment, a group of 12 architects were handed a design brief. Their drawing activity was recorded and they were required to externalize their thoughts during the design process. Both design solutions and verbal comments were analysed and modelled. A separate group of experienced architects used their expert knowledge to assign creativity and efficiency scores to the 12 design solutions. The design solutions were evaluated spatially. Protocol analysis studies including linkography and macroscopic analysis were used to discern distinctive patterns in the cognitive and metacognition activity of designs marked with the highest and least creativity scores. Entropy models of the linkographs and knowledge graphs were further introduced Finally, we assessed how creativity and efficiency correlates to experiment variables, cognitive activity, metacognitive activity, spatial and functional distribution of spaces in the design solutions, and the number and type of design constraints applied through the course of design. Through this investigation, we suggest that expert knowledge can be used to assess creativity and efficiency in designs. Our findings indicate that efficient layouts have distinct spatial features, and that cognitive and metacognitive activity in design that yields a highly creative outcome corresponds to higher frequencies of design moves and higher linkages between design moves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060421000251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T08:02:24Z","timestamp":1641196944000},"page":"423-437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An investigation into the cognitive, metacognitive, and spatial markers of creativity and efficiency in architectural design"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2047-8565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinda","family":"Al Sayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter C H.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Penn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms","year":"1990","author":"Boden","key":"S0890060421000251_ref5"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref7","first-page":"231","volume-title":"The Nature of Intelligence","author":"Flavell","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2020.1859993"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref1","volume-title":"Notes on the Synthesis of Form","volume":"5","author":"Alexander","year":"1964"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9112-0_22","volume-title":"Design Computing and Cognition'12","author":"Al Sayed","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref10","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Evaluating and Predicting Design Performance","author":"Goldschmidt","year":"1992"},{"volume-title":"Models of Man: Social and Rational","year":"1957","author":"Simon","key":"S0890060421000251_ref28"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0416"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8728-8_33"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.1987.9653052"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0021"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref4","first-page":"211","article-title":"Discursive design thinking: the role of explicit knowledge in creative architectural design reasoning","volume":"24","author":"Al-Sayed","year":"2010","journal-title":"AI EDAM"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(98)00016-7"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref29","first-page":"304","volume-title":"Models of Discovery (and Other Topics in the Methods of Science) Boston Studies in the Philosophyof Science Vol LIV (Synthese Library Vol 114)","author":"Simon","year":"1977"},{"volume-title":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions","year":"1962","author":"Kuhn","key":"S0890060421000251_ref19"},{"key":"S0890060421000251_ref30","unstructured":"Suwa, M and Tversky, B (2003) Constructive perception: a metacognitive skill for coordinating perception and conception. 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