{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T21:58:28Z","timestamp":1747173508521,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Shapes are perceived unanalyzed, without rigid representation of their parts. They do not comply with standard symbolic knowledge representation criteria; they are treated and judged by appearance. Resolving the relationship of parts to parts and parts to wholes has a constructive role in perception and design. This paper presents a computational account of part\u2013whole figuration in design. To this end, shape rules are used to show how a shape is seen, and shape decompositions having structures of topologies and Boolean algebras reveal alternative structures for parts. Four examples of shape computation are presented. Topologies demonstrate the relationships of wholes, parts, and subparts, in the computations enabling the comparison and relativization of structures, and lattice diagrams are used to present their order. Retrospectively, the topologies help to recall the generative history and establish computational continuity. When the parts are modified to recognize emergent squares locally, other emergent shapes are highlighted globally as the topology is re-adjusted. Two types of emergence are identified: local and global. Seeing the local parts modifies how we analyze the global whole, and thus, a local observation yields a global order.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060421000421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T09:32:52Z","timestamp":1644399172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design without representation"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2709-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotirios D.","family":"Kotsopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060409990102"},{"volume-title":"The Literary Works of Leonardo Da Vinci","year":"1939","author":"Richter","key":"S0890060421000421_ref14"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b230235"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref2","first-page":"457","volume-title":"The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge","author":"Coleridge","year":"1969"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b230391"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9112-0_20"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6201.001.0001"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060499134036"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref1","first-page":"121","volume-title":"On Painting and Sculpture","author":"Alberti","year":"1443"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1068\/b260045","article-title":"Constructing algebras of design","volume":"26","author":"Krstic","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environment and Planing B: Planing and Design"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/14469.001.0001"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17513472.2020.1723828"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref20","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata","author":"von Neumann","year":"1940"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060405050183"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Economou, A , Hong, TC , Ligler, H and Park, J (2019) Shape machine: a primer for visual computation. Cultural DNA Workshop 2019: Computational Studies on the Cultural Variation and Heredity, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-7707-9_6"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref19","first-page":"1460","volume-title":"Information Processing 71","author":"Stiny","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b21S049"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref12","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Possible Minds: Twenty-Five Ways of Looking at AI","author":"Pearl","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2371809"},{"key":"S0890060421000421_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2019.02.001"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0890060421000421","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T11:20:39Z","timestamp":1668597639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0890060421000421\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["S0890060421000421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0890060421000421","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-0604","1469-1760"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0890-0604"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-1760"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e12"}}