{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:56:44Z","timestamp":1783036604598,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":164,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007040","name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUTD PhD Fellowship Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUTD PhD Fellowship Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Design has always been seen as an inherently human activity and hard to automate. It requires a lot of traits that are seldom attributable to machines or algorithms. Consequently, the act of designing is also hard to assess. In particular in an educational context, the assessment of progress of design tasks performed by individuals or teams is difficult, and often only the outcome of the task is assessed or graded. There is a need to better understand, and potentially quantify, design progress. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is one way of doing so. With the advancement in NLP research, some of its models are adopted into the field of design to quantify a design class performance. To quantify and visualize design progress, the NLP models are often deployed to analyze written documentation collected from the class participants at fixed time intervals through the span of a course. This paper will explore several ways of using NLP in assessing design progress, analyze its advantages and shortcomings, and present a case study to demonstrate its application. The paper concludes with some guidelines and recommendations for future development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060423000094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T08:54:16Z","timestamp":1686732856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Visualizing design project team and individual progress using NLP: a comparison between latent semantic analysis and Word2Vector algorithms"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0339-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matt","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siska","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlindo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dsj.2022.12"},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2009.01044.x"},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref14","first-page":"E24","article-title":"Design change prediction based on social media sentiment analysis","volume":"36","author":"Koh","year":"2022","journal-title":"AI EDAM"},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08956308.2002.11671518"},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref19","unstructured":"Lauff, C , Wee, Y , Teo, K , Swee, A , Png, S , Collopy, A , Vargas, B and Wood, KL (2021) Design Innovation Methodology Handbook \u2013 Embedding Design in Organizations."},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref25","first-page":"4198","article-title":"A comparative analysis of Euclidean distance and Cosine similarity measure for automated essay-type grading","volume":"13","author":"Oduntan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06109-0"},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10429247.1999.11415033"},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref17","unstructured":"Kutuzov, A and Kuzmenko, E (2019) To lemmatize or not to lemmatize: How word normalisation affects ELMo performance in word sense disambiguation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.03135."},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01638539809545028"},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref29","unstructured":"Van Der Heijden, P (2022) A comparison of latent semantic analysis and correspondence analysis of document-term matrices. arXiv."},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21278\/idc.2018.0328"},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2021.100810"},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.08.009"},{"key":"S0890060423000094_ref27","unstructured":"Smetanin, S (2019) Google news and Leo Tolstoy: visualizing Word2Vec word embeddings using t-SNE [Online]. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained prior to any commercial use.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e18"}}