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Researchers have worked toward developing methods that can automatically generate representations of systems from documents using causal ontologies by leveraging machine learning (ML) techniques. However, these methods use limited, hand-annotated data for building the ML models and have manual touchpoints that are not documented. While opportunities exist to improve the accuracy of these ML models, more importantly, it is required to understand the complete process of generating structured representations using causal ontology. This research proposes a new method and a set of rules to extract information relevant to the constructs of the SAPPhIRE model of causality from descriptions of technical systems in natural language and report the performance of this process. This process aims to understand the information in the context of the entire description. The method starts by identifying the system interactions involving material, energy and information and then builds the causal description of each system interaction using the SAPPhIRE ontology. This method was developed iteratively, verifying the improvements through user trials in every cycle. The user trials of this new method and rules with specialists and novice users of the SAPPhIRE modeling showed that the method helps in accurately and consistently extracting the information relevant to the constructs of the SAPPhIRE model from a given natural language description.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060424000118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T03:53:04Z","timestamp":1734925984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Developing a method for creating structured representations of working of systems from natural language descriptions using the SAPPhIRE model of causality"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3617-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kausik","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anubhab","family":"Majumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4823-7360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apoorv Naresh","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonal","family":"Keshwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ranjan","family":"BSC","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8181-6594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srinivasan","family":"Venkataraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amaresh","family":"Chakrabarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0890060424000118_r73","first-page":"V01BT02A039","volume-title":"International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference","volume":"51739","author":"Siddharth","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0890060424000118_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3717-7_4"},{"key":"S0890060424000118_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09544828.2011.624501"},{"key":"S0890060424000118_r34","first-page":"603","volume-title":"DS 87\u20134 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED 17) Vol 4: Design Methods and Tools","author":"Keshwani","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0890060424000118_r49","first-page":"507","article-title":"A natural-language approach to biomimetic design, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design","volume":"24","author":"Shu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analysis and Manufacturing"},{"key":"S0890060424000118_r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2016.05.003"},{"key":"S0890060424000118_r15","unstructured":"Goel, A , Hagopian, K , Zhang, S and Rugaber, S (2020) Towards a virtual librarian for biologically inspired design. 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