{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:49:13Z","timestamp":1765547353551,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":347,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61873107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61873107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIEDAM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>With the widespread application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the PEMFCs is becoming more and more important. Timely diagnosis of fault types and the implementation of targeted interventions are crucial for addressing these challenges. In this study, a simulated PEMFC model is firstly introduced by using Fluent, and the effectiveness is validated through experiments involving membrane dry faults, water flooding faults, normal states, and unknown states. Then, a data-driven deep learning convolutional neural network, YOLOv5-CG-AS, is developed, which employs the EfficientViT network as the backbone, incorporating lightweight improvements through the proposed CG-AS attention layer. The results demonstrate that YOLOv5-CG-AS can automatically extract fault features from images for offline fault diagnosis and can perform real-time online diagnosis of multiple parameter curves of PEMFCs. Moreover, the experimental results have validated the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed method and shown the average precision mean Average Precision (mAP) of the trained model reaches 99.50%, superior than other conventional strategies. This has significant implications for advancing fault diagnosis methods, enhancing the reliability and durability of PEMFC systems, and promoting further development in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0890060424000295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T11:12:57Z","timestamp":1734088377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fault diagnosis of proton exchange membrane fuel cells based on improved YOLOv5"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3466-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangshuai","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dongshen","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huaisong","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0890060424000295_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.130130"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.106217"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r7","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Fault diagnosis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell system based on VMD","volume":"30","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Control Engineering of China"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r12","first-page":"21362152","article-title":"Finite-time stabilization of a class of switched stochastic nonlinear systems under arbitrary switching","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10030377"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, F , Geng, L , Liu, F , et al. A review of water fault diagnosis of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. 2023 IEEE 7th Information Technology and Mechatronics Engineering Conference (ITOEC). IEEE, Chongqing, China, 15 September 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITOEC57671.2023.10291253"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r29","first-page":"265","article-title":"Lightweight object detection network based on YOLO optimization","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer Science"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.05.137"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r2","unstructured":"Benjumea, A , Teeti, I , Cuzzolin, F , et al. YOLO-Z: Improving small object detection in YOLOv5 for autonomous vehicles. arXiv preprint arXiv:\u00a02112.11798, 2021."},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r10","unstructured":"Ho, J , Kalchbrenner, N , Weissenborn, D , et al. Axial attention in multidimensional transformers. arXiv preprint arXiv:\u00a01912.12180 , 2019."},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r22","unstructured":"Redmon, J , Farhadi, A . Yolov3: An incremental improvement. arXiv preprint arXiv:\u00a01804.02767, 2018."},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app6120414"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r5","first-page":"52","article-title":"CNN-based fault diagnosis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell","volume":"54","author":"Dang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Power Electronics Technology"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060421000317"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2018.02.007"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01386"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allam, A , Michael, M , and Zhang, P . Fault diagnosis of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. 2021 5th International Conference on Control and Fault-Tolerant Systems (SysTol). IEEE, Saint- Raphael, France, 29 September 2021.","DOI":"10.1109\/SysTol52990.2021.9595407"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r25","first-page":"229932","article-title":"Recent advances and summarization of fault diagnosis techniques for proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems: A critical overview","volume":"500","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"CIESC Journal"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2006.01.040"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r31","first-page":"828","article-title":"Review of flooding and membrane drying fault diagnosis in proton exchange membrane fuel cells","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r21","first-page":"407","article-title":"A review on failure mechanism analysis and diagnosis for proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems","volume":"44","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the CSEE"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2024.3385829"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060421000299"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r9","first-page":"135","article-title":"3-D steady-state numerical simulation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells","volume":"31","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computer and Applied Chemistry"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.12.010"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3901\/JME.2022.22.106","article-title":"Fault diagnosis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell using magnetic field data","volume":"58","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Machinery fault diagnosis based on domain adaptation to bridge the gap between simulation and measured signals","volume":"71","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r28","first-page":"94","article-title":"A lightweight target detection network based on channel rescheduling","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computer and Modernization"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2022.107534"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r35","first-page":"56","article-title":"Research on PEMFC fault diagnosis method based on COMSOL model","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemical Industry and Engineering"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfranklin.2011.10.021"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2021.3132459"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2013.04.007"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23307706.2020.1725917"},{"key":"S0890060424000295_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2022.3184048"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0890060424000295","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T11:13:08Z","timestamp":1734088388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0890060424000295\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0890060424000295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0890060424000295","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-0604","1469-1760"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0890-0604"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-1760"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}],"article-number":"e21"}}