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Synapses and profiles were counted at 5% intervals throughout the IPL depth in three EM montages (total area = 6509 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), with 0% depth at the inner nuclear layer\/IPL border. Nearly 70% of all amacrine synapses were GABA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and they contacted all major classes of neurons that arborize in the IPL: bipolars (45%), ganglion cells (25%), and GABA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (20%) and GABA<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> (10%) amacrines. A major relationship was seen between GABA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> amacrine processes and bipolar terminals: 76% of all amacrine-to-bipolar synapses were GABA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and 82% of bipolar output dyads contained at least one GABA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> amacrine.<\/jats:p><jats:p>GABA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> amacrine profiles (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 2455) were concentrated in three wide bands at IPL depths of 0\u201325%, 40\u201360%, and 75\u2013100%, corresponding to the dense bands seen with light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. In contrast, GABA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> amacrine synapses (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1081) were distributed evenly throughout the IPL depth, rather than being confined to the three dense bands. GABA<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> amacrine synapses (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 516) were concentrated at 40% and 60% depths.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Each category of amacrine output synapses had a characteristic pattern of stratification in the IPL. GABA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>amacrine-to-bipolar<\/jats:italic> synapses occurred throughout the IPL but were most frequent at 20% and 80% IPL depths, where the dendrites of midget cone bipolars arborize (Polyak, 1941). In contrast, GABA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>amacrine-to-ganglion cell<\/jats:italic> synapses were concentrated at 30% and 70% IPL depths, near the dendritic arborizations of parasol ganglion cells (Watanabe &amp; Rodieck, 1989). GABA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> synapses onto bipolars and amacrines were also concentrated at the level of rod bipolar terminals. GABA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> amacrines must play significant but different roles in ON and OFF midget and parasol pathways as well as the rod pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523800000043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T12:23:38Z","timestamp":1243945418000},"page":"17-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Distribution of GABA-immunoreactive amacrine cell synapses in the inner plexiform layer of macaque monkey retina"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Koontz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anita 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