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For continuous motions, picrotoxin markedly reduced the overall directionality of the cells. In 21% of the cells, directional selectivity was<jats:italic>lost<\/jats:italic>regardless of speed and contrast. However, other cells<jats:italic>maintained<\/jats:italic>their preferred direction despite saturating concentrations of picrotoxin. And in most cells, loss, maintenance, or even<jats:italic>reversal<\/jats:italic>of preferred and null directions could occur as speed and contrast were modulated. In 50% of the cells, reversal of preferred and null directions occurred at some condition of visual stimuli. However, picrotoxin did not tend to alter the preferred-null axis for directional selectivity. For apparent motions, picrotoxin made motion facilitation, which normally occurs exclusively in preferred-direction responses, to become erratic and often occur during null-direction motions. Finally, PTZ had effects similar to picrotoxin but with less potency. The results in this paper indicated that models of directional selectivity based<jats:italic>solely<\/jats:italic>on a GABAergic implementation of Barlow and Levick's asymmetric-inhibition model do not apply to the turtle retina. Alternative models may comprise multiple directional mechanisms and\/or a symmetric inhibitory one, but not asymmetric facilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523800008105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T11:24:27Z","timestamp":1243941867000},"page":"423-439","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Is the input to a GABAergic synapse the sole asymmetry in turtle's retinal directional selectivity?"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Randall D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Norberto M.","family":"Grzywacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lyle 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