{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T23:05:42Z","timestamp":1779836742758,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,19]],"date-time":"2010-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1290124800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Funct. Prog."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In efforts to overcome the complexity of the syntax and the lack of formal semantics of conventional hardware description languages, a number of functional hardware description languages have been developed. Like conventional hardware description languages, however, functional hardware description languages eventually convert all source programs into netlists, which describe wire connections in hardware circuits at the lowest level and conceal all high-level descriptions written into source programs. We develop a calculus, called\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u03bb (linear lambda), which may serve as an intermediate functional language just above netlists in the hierarchy of hardware description languages. In order to support higher-order functions,\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u03bb uses a linear type system, which enforces the linear use of variables of function type. The translation of\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u03bb into structural descriptions of hardware circuits is sound and complete in the sense that it maps expressions only to realizable hardware circuits, and that every realizable hardware circuit has a corresponding expression in\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u03bb. To illustrate the use of\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u03bb as a practical intermediate language for hardware description, we design a simple hardware description language that extends\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u03bb with polymorphism, and use it to implement a fast Fourier transform circuit and a bitonic sorting network.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0956796810000249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,19]],"date-time":"2010-11-19T06:28:41Z","timestamp":1290148121000},"page":"21-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A calculus for hardware description"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"SUNGWOO","family":"PARK","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HYEONSEUNG","family":"IM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1145\/224164.224180","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture","author":"Sharp","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956796802004495"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref3","first-page":"27","article-title":"Functional languages and their application to the description of digital systems","volume":"25","author":"Boute","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal A"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1145\/1190216.1190269","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th Annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages","author":"Ghica","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800055.802026"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref13","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP 2000)","author":"Mycroft","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11560548_4"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref9","unstructured":"Jones G. & Sheeran M. (1990) Circuit design in Ruby, Formal Methods VLSI Des., 13\u201370."},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref12","first-page":"238","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd ACM\/IEEE Conference on Design Automation","author":"Meshkinpour","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-60675-0_46"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956796805005757"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/289423.289440"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref4","unstructured":"Cardelli L. & Plotkin G. (1981) An algebraic approach to VLSI design. In Proceedings of the VLSI 81 International Conference, pp. 173\u2013182."},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref8","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages","author":"Johnson","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3215-8_16"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref20","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Hardware design and functional programming: A perfect match","volume":"11","author":"Sheeran","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Universal Comput. Sci."},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-46674-6_7"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/92.820756","article-title":"HML, a novel hardware description language and its translation to VHDL","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref11","first-page":"90","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference on Computer Languages","author":"Matthews","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0956796810000249_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1145\/1411204.1411253","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming","author":"Park","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Programming"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0956796810000249","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T22:36:22Z","timestamp":1779834982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0956796810000249\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,19]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0956796810000249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0956796810000249","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-7968","1469-7653"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-7968","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7653","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,19]]}}}