{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T14:10:18Z","timestamp":1685628618159},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]],"date-time":"2010-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272672000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ReCALL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper details the development of a multidialectical text-to-speech (TTS) application,<jats:italic>Sint\u00e9iseoir<\/jats:italic>, for the Irish language. This work is being carried out in the context of Irish as a lesser-used language, where learners and other L2 speakers have limited direct exposure to L1 speakers and speech communities, and where native sound systems and vocabularies can be seen to be receding even among L1 speakers \u2013 particularly the young.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Sint\u00e9iseoir<\/jats:italic>essentially implements the diphone concatenation model, albeit augmented to include phones, half-phones and, potentially, other phonic units. It is based on a platform-independent framework comprising a user interface, a set of dialect-specific tokenisation engines, a concatenation engine and a playback device.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The tokenisation strategy is entirely rule-based and does not refer to dictionary look-ups. Provision has been made for prosodic processing in the framework but has not yet been implemented. Concatenation units are stored in the form of WAV files on the local file system.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Sint\u00e9iseoir<\/jats:italic>\u2019s user interface (UI) provides a text field that allows the user to submit a grapheme string for synthesis and a prompt to select a dialect. It also filters input to reject graphotactically invalid strings, restrict input to alphabetic and certain punctuation marks found in Irish orthography, and ensure that a dialect has, indeed, been selected.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The UI forwards the filtered grapheme string to the appropriate tokenisation engine. This searches for specified substrings and maps them to corresponding tokens that themselves correspond to concatenation units.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The resultant token string is then forwarded to the concatenation engine, which retrieves the relevant concatenation units, extracts their audio data and combines them in a new unit. This is then forwarded to the playback device.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The terms of reference for the initial development of<jats:italic>Sint\u00e9iseoir<\/jats:italic>specified that it should be capable of uttering, individually, the 99 most common Irish lemmata in the dialects of An Spid\u00e9al, M\u00fasgra\u00ed U\u00ed Fhlo\u00ednn and Gort a\u2019 Choirce, which are internally consistent dialects within the Connacht, Munster and Ulster regions, respectively, of the dialect continuum. Audio assets to satisfy this requirement have already been prepared, and have been found to produce reasonably accurate output. The tokenisation engine is, however, capable of processing a wider range of input strings and when required concatenation units are found to be unavailable, returns a report via the user interface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0958344010000054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,9]],"date-time":"2010-06-09T10:30:45Z","timestamp":1276079445000},"page":"152-171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sint\u00e9iseoir 1.0: a multidialectical TTS application for Irish"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"M\u00edche\u00e1l Mac","family":"Lochlainn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0958344010000054_ref11","volume-title":"Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne","author":"\u00d3 S\u00e9","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0958344010000054_ref8","volume-title":"The Irish of West Muskerry, Co. Cork","author":"\u00d3 Cu\u00edv","year":"1944"},{"key":"S0958344010000054_ref5","unstructured":"Niagra College, Canada, Technology Division (2009) CTEC1631 Course Notes: WAV File Format http:\/\/technology.niagarac.on.ca\/courses\/ctec1631\/WavFileFormat.html."},{"key":"S0958344010000054_ref1","unstructured":"Bunt\u00fas Gaeilge (1966), Baile \u00c1tha Cliath: An Roinn Oideachais."},{"key":"S0958344010000054_ref12","unstructured":"Schmitt S. R. (2009) Permutation generator http:\/\/home.att.net\/~srschmitt\/script_permutations.html."},{"key":"S0958344010000054_ref7","volume-title":"L\u00e1rchan\u00faint don Ghaeilge (Tuarasc\u00e1il Taighde)","author":"\u00d3 Baoill","year":"1986b)"},{"key":"S0958344010000054_ref2","unstructured":"Col\u00e1iste na Tr\u00edon\u00f3ide, Baile \u00c1tha Cliath, Centre for Language and Communication Studies (2008) abair.ie http:\/\/www.abair.ie\/."},{"key":"S0958344010000054_ref4","unstructured":"Mac Lochlainn M. (2008) Forbairt Chreat \u00cdlchan\u00fanach T\u00e9acs-go-hUrlabhrtha don Ghaelainn, unpublished thesis (M.Sc.), University of Limerick."},{"key":"S0958344010000054_ref6","volume-title":"L\u00e1rchan\u00faint don Ghaeilge (T\u00e9ip L\u00e9irithe)","author":"\u00d3 Baoill","year":"1986a)"},{"key":"S0958344010000054_ref9","volume-title":"Focl\u00f3ir Gaeilge-B\u00e9arla","author":"\u00d3 Domhnaill","year":"1977"},{"key":"S0958344010000054_ref10","volume-title":"Leabhar Stiof\u00e1n U\u00ed Ealaoire","author":"\u00d3 Duilearga","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0958344010000054_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenzo K. A. Black A. W. (2000) Diphone Collection and Synthesis http:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/~awb\/papers\/ICSLP2000_diphone\/.","DOI":"10.21437\/ICSLP.2000-537"}],"container-title":["ReCALL"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0958344010000054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T13:44:40Z","timestamp":1685627080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0958344010000054\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0958344010000054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0958344010000054","relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-3440","1474-0109"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0958-3440","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-0109","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}}}