{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:18:43Z","timestamp":1780474723962,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":286,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,22]],"date-time":"2008-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1229904000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4283,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CAJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The origins and evolution of modern humans has been the dominant interest in palaeoanthropology for the last decade, and much archaeological interpretation has been structured around the various issues associated with whether humans have a recent African origin or a more ancient one. While the archaeological record has been used to support or refute various aspects of the theories, and to provide a behavioural framework for different biological models, there has been little attempt to employ the evidence of stone tool technology to unravel phylogenetic relationships. Here we examine the evidence that the evolution of modern humans is integrally related to the development of the Upper Palaeolithic and similar technologies, and conclude that there is only a weak relationship. In contrast there is a strong association between the evolution and spread of modern humans and Grahame Clark's Mode 3 technologies (the Middle Stone Age\/Palaeolithic). The implications of this for the evolution of Neanderthals, the multiple pattern of human dispersals, and the nature of cognitive evolution, are considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0959774300001451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,22]],"date-time":"2008-12-22T15:07:09Z","timestamp":1229958429000},"page":"3-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":278,"title":["Mode 3 Technologies and the Evolution of Modern Humans"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Foley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Miraz\u00f3n","family":"Lahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330350610"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7638599"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref008","unstructured":"Ambrose S. , 1996. Lithic raw material, exploitation patterns in the LSA of East Africa. Paper presented at the SAA Meetings, New Orleans, April 1996."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7761828"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref019","volume-title":"Images of the Ice Age","author":"Bahn","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7725100"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref175","unstructured":"Morris A.G. , 1992. Biological relationships between Upper Pleistocene and Holocene populations in southern Africa, in Brauer & Smith (eds.), 131\u201343."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-8833-3_8"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref172","volume-title":"The Prehistory of the Mind: a Search for the Origins of Art, Religion and Science","author":"Mithen","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959774300000251"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1991.0111"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(86)80042-2"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref089","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Modelling the Early Human Mind","author":"Foley","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref184","volume-title":"African Archaeology","author":"Phillipson","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/202201"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref270","volume-title":"The Skull of Sinanthropus Pekinensis: a Comparative Study of a Primitive Hominid Skull","author":"Weidenreich","year":"1943"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/41.1.111"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref075","volume-title":"Palaeolithic Europe: a Theoretical and Systematic Study","author":"Collins","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/360732a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02382630"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref156","unstructured":"Lieberman P. , 1989. The origins of some aspects of humans language and cognition, in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 391\u201314."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1994.96.2.02a00030"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400843602"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/189649a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref147","unstructured":"Lahr M.M. & Foley R.A. , in prep.. Concepts of Geography and Diversity in Modern Human Evolution. MS."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(89)90023-X","article-title":"Accelerator 14C dates for early Upper Palaeolithic (Basal Aurignacian) at El Cstillo CAve (Spain)","volume":"16","author":"Cabrera","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Sciences"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref182","first-page":"175","article-title":"On the Upper Cave industry","volume":"13","author":"Pei","year":"1938","journal-title":"Peking Natural History Bulletin"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref227","unstructured":"Stringer C.B. , 1989. The origin of modern humans: a comparison of the European and non\u2013European evidence, in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 232\u201344."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1994.1003"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref102","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, Nairobi, 1977","author":"Gowlett","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(89)90022-8"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959774300001190"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref157","volume-title":"The Stone Age of Northern Africa","author":"McBurney","year":"1960"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02221838"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref222","volume-title":"The World at 18,000 BP, vol. 1: High Latitudes","author":"Soffer","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref271","volume-title":"A Middle Stone Age Sequence from the Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia","author":"Wendorf","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref132","first-page":"154","article-title":"Worldwide genetic variation in tetranucleotide repeat polymorphisms, restriction site polymorphisms, and mitochondrial DNA sequence","volume":"55","author":"Jorde","year":"1994","journal-title":"Amerian Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-68302-5_25"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/325031a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref245","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean","author":"Tchernov","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381658a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref127","first-page":"931","article-title":"The Mousterian site of Zafarraya (Andalusia, Spain) \u2014 dating and implications on the paleolithic peopling processes of Western Europe","volume":"36","author":"Hublin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comptes rendues de l'Academie Nationale des Sciences, Paris"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0696-154"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref201","unstructured":"Robson Brown K. , 1995. A Phylogenetic Systematic Analysis of Hominid Behaviour. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hublin J.-J. , 1993. Recent human evolution in northwest Africa, in Aitken et al. (eds.), 118\u201331.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400851553.118"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref145","volume-title":"The Evolution of Modern Human Diversity","author":"Lahr","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(91)90006-H"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381658a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/378275a0","article-title":"Early Homo and associated artefacts from Asia","volume":"378","author":"Huang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1996.0008"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1817-0_9"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1966.68.2.02a001000"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref064","unstructured":"Clark G.A. & Lindly J. , 1989. The case of continuity: observations on the biocultural transition in Europe and Western Asia, in Mellars & Stringer, 626\u201376."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref137","unstructured":"Klein R.G. , 1994. Southern Africa before the Iron Age, in Corruccini & Ciochon (eds.), 471\u2013519."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref025","unstructured":"Barbujani G. , 1996. Evolution of mitochondrial diversity in a linguistic isolate, the Ladins. Paper presented in the 9th International Congress of Human Genetics, Rio de Janeiro, 18\u201323 August, 1996."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/jar.47.2.3630325"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00178865"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref009","first-page":"184","article-title":"A Pleistocene\u2013early Holocene rock shelter in peninsular Thailand","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"National Geographic Research"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref115","unstructured":"Harrold F.B. , 1989. Mousterian, Ch\u00e2telperronian and early Aurignacaian in western Europe: continuity or discontinuity?, in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 677\u2013713."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref141","unstructured":"Kozlowski J.K. , 1990. Northern central Europe c. 18,000 BP, in Soffer & Gamble (eds.), 204\u201327."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref109","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcn R. , Huang P.H. , Huang W. , McDermott F. , Stringer C.B. , Thorne A. & Yan G. , in press. ESR and U\u2013series analyses of teeth from the palaeoanthro\u2013pological site of Hexian, Anhui Province, China. Journal of Human Evolution."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref142","volume-title":"Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium BC","author":"Krzyzaniak","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref073","volume-title":"Analytical Archaeology","author":"Clarke","year":"1968"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300014282"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref105","first-page":"153","article-title":"How old are subspecies? A tiger's eyeview of human evolution","volume":"2","author":"Groves","year":"1992","journal-title":"Perspectives in Human Biology"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330930103"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.1991.tb00696.x"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/344591b0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref096","volume-title":"The Palaeolithic Settlement of Europe","author":"Gamble","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref219","volume-title":"The Origins of Modern Humans: a World Survey of the Fossil Evidence","author":"Smith","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref104","unstructured":"Groves C.P. , 1989. A regional approach to the problem of the origin of modern humans in Australasia, in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 274\u201385."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref103","volume-title":"Pontnewydd Cave: a Lower Palaeolithic hominid site in Wales: the First Report","author":"Green","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref067","unstructured":"Clark J.D. , 1989. The origins and spread of modern humans: a broad perspective on the African evidence, in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 565\u201388."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref244","first-page":"103","article-title":"Eurasian\u2013African biotic exchanges through the Levantine corridor during the Neogene and Quaternary","volume":"153","author":"Tchernov","year":"1992","journal-title":"Courier Forshung Senckenbergensis"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1360040207"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref100","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Stone Age cultures of South Africa","volume":"27","author":"Goodwin","year":"1919","journal-title":"Annals of the South African Museum"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959774300000238"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref269","first-page":"161","article-title":"On the earliest representatives of modern mankind on the soil of East Asia","volume":"13","author":"Weidenreich","year":"1938","journal-title":"Peking Natural History Bulletin"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref099","volume-title":"Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution","author":"Gibson","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref044","unstructured":"Br\u00e4uer G. , 1992. Africa's place in the evolution of Homo sapiens, in Br\u00e4uer & Smith (eds.), 83\u201398."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00072938"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref152","volume-title":"Context of a Late Neandertal: Implications of Multidisciplinary Research for the Transition to Upper Paleolithic Adaptations at Saint-Cesaire, Charente-Maritime, France","author":"L\u00e9v\u00eaque","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1360010605"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref004","volume-title":"The Rise of Civilization in India","author":"Allchin","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1992.0089"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(92)90032-5"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref189","volume-title":"Before Civilization","author":"Renfrew","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.17.100188.000355"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/300173a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref195","unstructured":"Rightmire G.P. , 1989. Middle Stone Age humans from eastern and southern Africa, in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 109\u201322."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref117","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Laetoli: a Pliocene site in Northern Tanzania","author":"Hay","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0046"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.3.839"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref040","first-page":"956","volume-title":"La Pr\u00e9histoire Fran\u00e7aise","author":"Bourdier","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref097","volume-title":"Timewalkers: the Prehistory of Global Colonization","author":"Gamble","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref197","first-page":"319","article-title":"The relationship of Homo erectus to later Middle Pleistocene hominids","volume":"171","author":"Rightmire","year":"1994","journal-title":"Courier Forshung Senckenbergensis"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(91)90001-C"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204195"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1985.tb02048.x"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell N.A. , 1984. Some aspects of allocation and discrimination, in van Vark & Howells (eds.), 177\u201392.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-6357-3_12"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref242","first-page":"512","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees","volume":"10","author":"Tamura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref193","unstructured":"Rightmire G.P. , 1984.Homo sapiens in sub-Saharan Africa, in Smith & Spencer (eds.), 295\u2013325."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/203723"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref030","first-page":"227","volume-title":"The Explanation of Culture Change","author":"Binford","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref005","volume-title":"The Szeletian and the Transition from the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic in Central, Europe","author":"Allsworth\u2013Jones","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400851553","volume-title":"The Origins of Modem Humans and the Impact of Chronometric Dating","author":"Aitken","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204002"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref151","first-page":"242","article-title":"Le neandertalien de Saint-Cesaire","volume":"12","author":"L\u00e9v\u00eaque","year":"1981","journal-title":"Recherche"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref069","unstructured":"Clark J.D. , 1993. The Aterian of the central Sahara, in Krzyzaniak et al. (eds.), 49\u201368."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref165","unstructured":"Mellars P. , 1989. Technological changes at the Middle\u2013Upper Palaeolithic transition: economic, social and cognitive perspectives, in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 338\u201365."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-5894(92)90034-G"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref093","unstructured":"Freeman L.G. , 1994. Torralba and Ambrona: a review of discoveries, in Corruccini & Ciochon (eds.), 597\u2013637."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1996.0028"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959774300000706"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1086\/203757","article-title":"Fossil remains of 28,000 year old hominids from Sri Lanka","volume":"30","author":"Kennedy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Current Anthropology"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref259","volume-title":"More on the Classification of the Border Cave I Skull","author":"van Vark","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/368455a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref036","first-page":"19","article-title":"Principes d'une m\u00e9thode d'\u00e9tude des techniques et de la typologie du Pal\u00e9olithique Ancien et Moyen","volume":"54","author":"Bordes","year":"1950","journal-title":"L'Anthropologie"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2796008"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/362534a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref085","unstructured":"Etler D.A. , 1994. The Chinese Hominidae: New Finds, New Interpretations. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref043","unstructured":"Br\u00e4uer G. , 1989. The evolution of modern humans: a comparison of the African and non\u2013African evidence, in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 123\u201354."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref228","unstructured":"Stringer C.B. , 1992. Replacement, continuity and the origin of Homo sapiens, in Br\u00e4uer & Smith (eds.), 9\u201324."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(95)90013-6"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref001","first-page":"73","article-title":"Neocortex size, group size, and the evolution of language","volume":"95","author":"Aiello","year":"1993","journal-title":"Current Anthropology"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambergen A.W. & Schaafsma W. , 1984. Interval estimates for posterior probabilities, applications to Border Cave, in van Vark & Howells (eds.), 115\u201334.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-6357-3_10"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref081","first-page":"321","article-title":"The antiquity of the Negro","volume":"78","author":"De Villiers","year":"1982","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref059","unstructured":"Chen C. & Olsen J.W. , 1990. China at the last glacial maximum, in Soffer & Gamble (eds.), 276\u201395."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref079","unstructured":"Davis R.S. , 1990. Central Asian hunter-gatherers at the Last Glacial Mazimum, in Soffer & Gamble (eds.), 267\u201375."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/319449b0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref018","unstructured":"Avise J.C. & Wollenberg K. , in press. Phylogenetics and the Origin of Species."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-4403(95)80170-7"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/129.2.513","article-title":"Low nucleotide diversity in man","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"1991","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref011","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Congr\u00e8s Panafrican de Pr\u00e9histoire, Algiers, 1952","author":"Arambourg","year":"1955"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330830202"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mellars P. , 1993. Archaeology and the population\u2013dispersal hypothesis of modern human origins in Europe, in Aitken et al. (eds.), 196\u2013216.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400851553.196"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref183","first-page":"863","article-title":"Improved analyses of human mtDNA sequences support a recent African origin of Homo sapiens","volume":"12","author":"Penny","year":"1995","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref020","volume-title":"Actes du 2e. Congr\u00e8s Panafricain de Pr\u00e9histoire","author":"Balout","year":"1955"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref118","first-page":"28","article-title":"Intraspecific nucleotide sequence differences in the major noncoding region of human mitochondrial DNA","volume":"46","author":"Horai","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3406\/paleo.1989.4512"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(76)90088-9"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02221050"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7152\/bippa.v14i0.11584"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1992.0098"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref013","volume-title":"Wanyanga and an Archaeological Reconnaissance of the South West Libyan Desert: the British Ennedi Expedition 1957","author":"Arkell","year":"1964"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref281","unstructured":"Wolpoff M.H. , 1989. Multiregional evolution: the fossil alternative to Eden, in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 62\u2013108."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/382500a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref010","first-page":"167","article-title":"On the characters that define Homo erectus","volume":"69","author":"Andrews","year":"1984","journal-title":"Courier Forshung Senckenbergensis"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref061","volume-title":"Piecing Together the Past","author":"Childe","year":"1956"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref016","first-page":"12","article-title":"La Sierra de Atapuerca: los hominidos y sus actividades","volume":"15","author":"Arsuaga","year":"1994","journal-title":"Revista de Arqueologia"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref031","volume-title":"Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths","author":"Binford","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar-Yosef O. , 1993. The role of western Asia in modern human origins, in Aitken et al. (eds.), 132\u201347.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400851553.132"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref110","unstructured":"Habgood P.J. , 1989. The origin of anatomically modern humans in Australasia, in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 245\u201373."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/357404a0","article-title":"New Middle Pleistocene hominid crania from Yunxian in China","volume":"357","author":"Li","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref063","first-page":"626","volume-title":"The Middle Palaeolithic: Adaptation, Behaviour and Variability","author":"Clark","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025553"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.6.3605"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref130","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Palaeoanthropology and Palaeolithic Archaeology in the People's Republic of China","author":"Jia","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1992.0090"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref170","volume-title":"The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans","author":"Mellars","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/282975"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1992.0100"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref057","first-page":"203","article-title":"The morphlogical affinities of the Klasies River Mouth skeletal remains","volume":"81","author":"Caspari","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref256","first-page":"111","article-title":"Neanderthals and praesapiens","volume":"84","author":"Vallois","year":"1954","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref277","unstructured":"White R , 1989. Production complexity and standardization in early Aurignacian bead an pendant manufacture: evolutionary implications, in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 366\u201390."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref221","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Sahul in Review: Pleistocene Archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia","author":"Smith","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7725099"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1840702"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref048","first-page":"197","article-title":"An archaeological prespective on the African origins of modern humans","volume":"78","author":"Brooks","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref083","unstructured":"Deacon H.J. & Shuurman R. , 1992. The origins of modern people: the evidence from Klasies River, in Br\u00e4uer & Smith (eds.), 121\u20139."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.2.532"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511525674"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00084040"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/00438243.1991.9980167","article-title":"Palaeolithic chronology and possible co\u2013existence of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens in China","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"1991","journal-title":"World Archaeology"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1993.95.1.02a00020"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/378376a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0079497X00013402"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref026","unstructured":"Bellwood P.S. , 1990. From late Pleistocene to early Holocene in Sundaland, in Gamble & Soffer (eds.), 155\u201363."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref029","first-page":"37","article-title":"Le cadre paleogeographique de la Pr\u00e9histoire de Maroc Atlantique","volume":"1","author":"Biberson","year":"1961","journal-title":"Publications du Service des Antiquites du Maroc"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref240","first-page":"2","article-title":"Allelic genealogy and human evolution","volume":"10","author":"Takahata","year":"1993","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref077","volume-title":"Integrative Paths to the Past: Paleoanthropological Advances in Honor of F. Clark Howell","author":"Corruccini","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref066","volume-title":"The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa","author":"Clark","year":"1951"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8009220"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(88)90031-0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10382-1_15"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref088","unstructured":"Foley R.A. , 1989. The ecological conditions of speciation: a comparative approach to the origins of anatomically modern humans, in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 298\u2013320."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.134.3482.803"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.17.100188.001323"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref074","unstructured":"Close A. , 1993. BT\u201314, a stratified Middle Palaeolithic site at Bir Tarfawi, Western Desert of Egypt, in Krzyzaniak et al. (eds.), 113\u201327."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref158","volume-title":"Haua Fteah and the Stone Age of the Southeast Mediterranean","author":"McBurney","year":"1967"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330750409"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref148","first-page":"538","article-title":"The African emergence and early Asian dispersals of the genus Homo","volume":"84","author":"Larick","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Scientist"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref129","first-page":"311","article-title":"Food sharing and human evolution: archaeological evidence from the Plio-Pleistocene of East Africa","volume":"34","author":"Isaac","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Anthropological Research"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref053","first-page":"65","article-title":"Chronologie des civilisations pr\u00e9historiques du Nord de l'Afrique d'apr\u00e8s le radiocarbone","volume":"21","author":"Camps","year":"1973","journal-title":"Libyca"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/373509a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199605)100:1<1::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/369311a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1993.1058"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-3791(94)90080-9"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roche J , 1976. Chronostratigraphie des restes atriens de la grotte des Contrebandiers Temara (province de Rabat). Bulletin de Societe Anthropologie, Paris 3 (serie XIII), 165\u201373.","DOI":"10.3406\/bmsap.1976.1846"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204416"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref204","first-page":"552","article-title":"Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences","volume":"9","author":"Rogers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref033","first-page":"18","volume-title":"The Emergence of Modern Humans","author":"Binford","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref205","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genetic evidence on modern human origins","volume":"67","author":"Rogers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Human Biology"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref249","first-page":"278","volume-title":"The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia","author":"Trinkaus","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref208","volume-title":"The Ngandong Fossil Hominids","author":"Santa-Luca","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref171","volume-title":"South Asian Archaeology","author":"Misra","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref209","unstructured":"Santos F.R. , Gerelsaikhan T. , Munkhtuja B. , Oyunsurem T. , Epplen J.T. & Pena S.D. , in press. Geographic differences in the allele frequencies of the human Y-linked tetranucleotide polymorphism DYS19. Human Genetics."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref231","first-page":"52","volume-title":"The English Palaeolithic Reviewed","author":"Stringer","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.10.6319"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref039","volume-title":"Arch\u00e4ologie des Eiszeitalters","author":"Bosinski","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref047","volume-title":"Continuity or Replacement? Controversies in Homo sapiens Evolution","author":"Br\u00e4uer","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1360020105"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref161","first-page":"9","article-title":"Nouveaux gisements pre\u00e9historiques au Niger oriental: localisation stratigraphique","volume":"31","author":"Maley","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bulletin de Liaison ASEQUA"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref084","first-page":"119","article-title":"A human skull from Florisbad","volume":"38","author":"Dreyer","year":"1935","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Academy of Science Amsterdam"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref021","unstructured":"Bar-Yosef O. , 1992. Middle Palaeolithic chronology and the transition to the Upper Palaeolithic in southwest Asia, in Br\u00e4uer & Smith (eds.), 261\u201372."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref211","volume-title":"Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology","author":"Schick","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5288.704d"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref216","volume-title":"The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa","author":"Singer","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref214","first-page":"761","article-title":"Mismatch distributions of mtDNA reveal recent human population expansions","volume":"66","author":"Sherry","year":"1994","journal-title":"Human Biology"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref218","unstructured":"Smith F.H. , 1992. The role of continuity in modern human origins, in Brauer & Smith (eds.), 145\u201356."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref220","unstructured":"Smith F.H. , Simek J.F. & Harrill M.S. , 1989. Geographic variation in supraorbital torus reduction during the Later Pleistocene (c. 80,000\u201315,000 BP), in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 172\u201393."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref217","volume-title":"The Lower Paleolithic site at Hoxne, England","author":"Singer","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref223","volume-title":"Honor among Thieves: a Zoological Study of Neanderthal Ecology","author":"Stiner","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref037","volume-title":"Typologie du Pal\u00e9olithique Ancien et Moyen","author":"Bordes","year":"1961"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1360020208"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1360020604"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/331565a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref119","first-page":"23","article-title":"Peopling of the Americas, founded by four major lineages of mitochondrial DNA","volume":"10","author":"Horai","year":"1993","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref230","first-page":"524","volume-title":"Paleoclimates and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins","author":"Stringer","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3125610"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref032","volume-title":"Faunal Remains from Klasies River Mouth","author":"Binford","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1360030206"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref229","first-page":"75","volume-title":"The Origin and Evolution of Humans and Hu\u2013manness","author":"Stringer","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref233","volume-title":"In Search of the Neanderthals","author":"Stringer","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref234","volume-title":"African Exodus","author":"Stringer","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref080","first-page":"229","article-title":"Human skeletal remains from Border Cave, Ingwaruma district, Kwa Zulu, South Africa","volume":"28","author":"De Villiers","year":"1973","journal-title":"Annals of the Transvaal Museum"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/203117"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref235","unstructured":"Stringer C.B. Hublin J.J. & Vandermeersch B. , 1984. The origin of anatomically modem humans in western Europe, in Smith & Spencer (eds.), 51\u2013135."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/338756a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref058","volume-title":"History and Geography of Genes","author":"Cavalli-Sforza","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref126","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Aux origines d'Homo sapiens","author":"Hublin","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref237","unstructured":"Svoboda J , 1990. Moravia during the Upper Pleniglacial, in Soffer & Gamble (eds.), 193\u2013203."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8108729"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5294.1870"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/tpbi.1995.1026"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(86)80043-4"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref106","first-page":"1","article-title":"A bush not a ladder: speciation and replacement in human evolution","volume":"4","author":"Groves","year":"1994","journal-title":"Perspectives in Human Biology"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1993.95.1.02a00030"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5254.1380"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref253","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Out of Asia: Peopling of the Americas and the Pacific","author":"Turner","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1360010105"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/330159a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/331614a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref098","volume-title":"Low Latitudes","author":"Gamble","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref257","first-page":"17","article-title":"Excavations in the Kapthurin Formation","volume":"20","author":"van Noten","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nyame Akuma"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.193.4248.103"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2791434"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(84)80013-5"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033822200001016"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/368452a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.187.4178.740"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref163","first-page":"56","volume-title":"The Emergence of Modern Humans","author":"Marks","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref143","volume-title":"Mousterian Lithic Technology and Raw Material Economy","author":"Kuhn","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref274","first-page":"361","article-title":"Le dernier interglaciaire dans le Sahara oriental","volume":"94","author":"Wendorf","year":"1990","journal-title":"L'Anthropologie"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/378379a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref276","unstructured":"Wendorf F , Schild R. & Close A.E. , 1993. Middle Palaeolithic occupations at Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East, Western Desert of Egypt, in Krzyzaniak et al. (eds.), 103\u201312."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/348398a0"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref283","unstructured":"Wolpoff M.H. , Wu X.Z. & Thorne A.G. , 1984. Modern Homo sapiens origins: a general theory of hominid evolution involving the fossil evidence from East Asia, in Smith & Spencer (eds.), 411\u201383."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE242-p69","article-title":"History of the dating of Homo erectus at Zhoukoudian","volume":"242","author":"Zhou","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geological Society of America Special Papers"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref286","volume-title":"The West Mouth, Niah, in the Prehistory of Southeast Asia","author":"Zuraina","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref275","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Cultural Beginnings: Approaches at Understanding Early Hominid Life-ways in the East African Savanna Mosaic","author":"Wendorf","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref247","volume-title":"La Palaeolithique du Bassin Tchadien septentrional (Nige\u2013Tchad)","author":"Tillet","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.23.9350"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref191","unstructured":"Reynolds T.E.G. & Kaner S.C. , 1990. Japan and Korea at 18,000 BP, in Soffer & Gamble (eds.), 296\u2013311."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref178","unstructured":"Otte M , 1990. The northwestern European plain around 18,000 BP, in Soffer & Gamble (eds.), 54\u201368."},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(88)90064-4"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref264","volume-title":"une nouvelle Industrie lithique, le Sebilian","author":"Vignard","year":"1923"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref268","volume-title":"On Natural Selection","author":"Wallace","year":"1875"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref045","first-page":"301","article-title":"How different are Asian and African","volume":"171","author":"Br\u00e4uer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Homo erectus? Courier Forshung Senckenbergensis"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199608)100:4<559::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7638598"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-5894(86)90058-X"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref072","volume-title":"World Prehistory: a New Perspective","author":"Clark","year":"1977"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-6357-3"},{"key":"S0959774300001451_ref082","unstructured":"Deacon H.J. , 1989. Late Pleistocene palaeoecology and archaeology in the southern Cape, South Africa, in Mellars & Stringer (eds.), 547\u201364."}],"container-title":["Cambridge Archaeological Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0959774300001451","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T14:32:12Z","timestamp":1632839532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0959774300001451\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]},"references-count":286,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0959774300001451"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0959774300001451","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-7743","1474-0540"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-7743","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-0540","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,4]]}}}