{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:38:09Z","timestamp":1772329089872,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]],"date-time":"2014-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395964800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Math. Struct. Comp. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we propose a quantum random number generator (QRNG) that uses an entangled photon pair in a Bell singlet state and is certified explicitly by value indefiniteness. While \u2018true randomness\u2019 is a mathematical impossibility, the certification by value indefiniteness ensures that the quantum random bits are incomputable in the strongest sense. This is the first QRNG setup in which a physical principle (Kochen\u2013Specker value indefiniteness) guarantees that no single quantum bit that is produced can be classically computed (reproduced and validated), which is the mathematical form of bitwise physical unpredictability.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We discuss the effects of various experimental imperfections in detail: in particular, those related to detector efficiencies, context alignment and temporal correlations between bits. The analysis is very relevant for the construction of any QRNG based on beam-splitters. By measuring the two entangled photons in maximally misaligned contexts and using the fact that two bitstrings, rather than just one, are obtained, more efficient and robust unbiasing techniques can be applied. We propose a robust and efficient procedure based on<jats:monospace>XOR<\/jats:monospace>ing the bitstrings together \u2013 essentially using one as a one-time-pad for the other \u2013 to extract random bits in the presence of experimental imperfections, as well as a more efficient modification of the von Neumann procedure for the same task. We also discuss some open problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0960129512000692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T09:42:01Z","timestamp":1396345321000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A quantum random number generator certified by value indefiniteness"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"ALASTAIR A.","family":"ABBOTT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"CRISTIAN S.","family":"CALUDE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"KARL","family":"SVOZIL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2338830"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.95.040401"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11047-010-9241-x"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.81.5039"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9601(90)90408-G"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176348543"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35000514"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.2.1418"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.57.3304"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02579167"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1150518"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3233\/COM-2012-001","article-title":"Von Neumann normalisation of a quantum random number generator.","volume":"1","author":"Abbott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computability"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref26","article-title":"A truth test for randomness","author":"Merali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature News"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.101.210401"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.86.062109"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09500349414552281"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.82.022102"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.67.661"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0256-307X\/21\/10\/027"},{"key":"S0960129512000692_ref38","unstructured":"Von Neumann J. (1951) Various techniques used in connection with random digits. National Bureau of Standards Applied Math Series 12 36\u201338. (Reprinted in Traub, A. H. (ed.) 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