{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T10:44:35Z","timestamp":1778582675480,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seed Sci. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetic susceptibility to late maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) in wheat (<jats:italic>Triticum aestivum<\/jats:italic> L.) results in increased alpha-amylase activity in mature grain when cool conditions occur during late grain maturation. Farmers are forced to sell wheat grain with elevated alpha-amylase at a discount because it has an increased risk of poor end-product quality. This problem can result from either LMA or preharvest sprouting, grain germination on the mother plant when rain occurs before harvest. Whereas preharvest sprouting is a well-understood problem, little is known about the risk LMA poses to North American wheat crops. To examine this, LMA susceptibility was characterized in a panel of 251 North American hard spring wheat lines, representing ten geographical areas. It appears that there is substantial LMA susceptibility in North American wheat since only 27% of the lines showed reproducible LMA resistance following cold-induction experiments. A preliminary genome-wide association study detected six significant marker-trait associations. LMA in North American wheat may result from genetic mechanisms similar to those previously observed in Australian and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) germplasm since two of the detected QTLs, <jats:italic>QLMA.wsu.7B<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>QLMA.wsu.6B<\/jats:italic>, co-localized with previously reported loci. The <jats:italic>Reduced height<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Rht<\/jats:italic>) loci also influenced LMA. Elevated alpha-amylase levels were significantly associated with the presence of both wild-type and tall height, <jats:italic>rht-B1a<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>rht-D1a<\/jats:italic>, loci in both cold-treated and untreated samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0960258521000064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T13:19:50Z","timestamp":1617974390000},"page":"159-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The genetics of late maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) in North American spring wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum<\/i> L.)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3939-5025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rehana S.","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel R.","family":"Revolinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4747-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Garland Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7524-9634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael O.","family":"Pumphrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6255-7670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille M.","family":"Steber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/amylase-2017-0004"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref44","first-page":"169","article-title":"The Box-Cox transformation technique: a review","volume":"41","author":"Sakia","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series D (The Statistician)"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcn091"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/CCHEM.2000.77.1.1"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cche.10041"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref16","first-page":"218","article-title":"A rapid method for determining alpha-amylase activity","volume":"37","author":"Hagberg","year":"1960","journal-title":"Cereal Chemistry"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-020-03341-1"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005767"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01356"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9941002"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11032-009-9375-7"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/CP09239"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/CP09124"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12183"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2007.01.005"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/CCHEM-07-12-0085-RC"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13353-017-0422-5"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11032-013-9881-5"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152852"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0960258521000052"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AR00097"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-014-2172-5"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/CCHEM-07-14-0156-R"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref39","first-page":"127","article-title":"Application of the falling number method for evaluating alpha-amylase activity","volume":"41","author":"Perten","year":"1964","journal-title":"Cereal Chemistry"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0473-9_12"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00141"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.209502"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj14.0015"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/CP08340"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2017.07.0423"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AR01047"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1337"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref48","unstructured":"Tan, MK , Mrva, K , Mares, DJ , Pallotta, M and Sharp, PJ (2004) Molecular marker development for LMA determinant in Spica and Cranbrook. Value Added Wheat CRC Project Report."},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref2a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73707-8"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-6561-3-S7-S41"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12390"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/CCHEM.1999.76.5.673"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3180.1974.tb01084.x"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119210436.ch13"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-009-9931-6"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref21","unstructured":"Liu, C (2019) Late maturity alpha-amylase in North American spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) . M.S. thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, WA."},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref46","first-page":"50","article-title":"Hunting for genes: falling numbers project seeks to reduce risk by breeding for genetic resistance","volume":"61","author":"Steber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wheat Life"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-015-0628-9"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj072"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12288"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780813818832.ch20"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref32","unstructured":"Miller, P , Lanier, W and Brandt, S (2001) Using growing degree days to predict plant stages. Montguide MT200103 E5, 1\u20138."},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529430"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, D , M\u00e4chler, M , Bolker, B and Walker, S (2014) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.5823.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/csc2.20133"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-447-0_6"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2533274"},{"key":"S0960258521000064_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-005-2008-6"}],"container-title":["Seed Science Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0960258521000064","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T07:17:26Z","timestamp":1634627846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0960258521000064\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0960258521000064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0960258521000064","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-2585","1475-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s) 2021","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}