{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T20:36:53Z","timestamp":1761511013920},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,28]],"date-time":"2012-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340841600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3862,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>After the success of relief efforts to the displaced Kurdish population in northern Iraq following the Gulf War, many in the US military and the international relief community saw military forces as critical partners in the response to future complex emergencies (CEs). However, successes in subsequent military involvement in Somalia, Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, and other CEs proved more elusive and raised many difficult issues. A review of these operations reinforces some basic lessons that must be heeded if the use of military forces in humanitarian relief is to be successful. Each CE is unique, thus, each military mission must be clearly defined and articulated. Armed forces struggle to provide both security and humanitarian relief, particularly when aggressive peace enforcement is required. Significant political and public support is necessary for military involvement and success. Military forces cannot execute humanitarian assistance missions on an ad hoc basis, but must continue to develop doctrine, policy and procedures in this area and adequately train, supply, and equip the units that will be involved in humanitarian relief. Militaries not only must cooperate and coordinate extensively with each other, but also with the governmental and non-governmental humanitarian relief organizations that will be engaged for the long term.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x00043314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,18]],"date-time":"2016-07-18T02:58:38Z","timestamp":1468810718000},"page":"197-208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Military Assistance in Complex Emergencies: What Have We Learned Since the Kurdish Relief Effort?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Trueman W.","family":"Sharp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Wightman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sterling S.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Frederick M.","family":"Burkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref040","volume-title":"Humanitarian Coordination Lessons Learned: Report of a Review Seminar","author":"Collins","year":"1998"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/016366094094777712"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04571-2"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref036","unstructured":"36. US Army Peacekeeping Institute: Administration policy on managing complex contingency operations. (Presidential Decision Directive 56), 1997. World Wide Web: http:\/\/carlisle-www.army.mil\/usacsl\/divisions\/pki\/interagency\/frame.htm."},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref035","unstructured":"35. Correl JT : The Lake Doctrine. Air Force 1995;79:5. World Wide Web: http:\/\/www.afa.org\/magazine\/editorial\/05edit96.html."},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00041662"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/164.8.572"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref043","volume-title":"Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response","year":"1998"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/161.8.442"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref021","volume-title":"The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide.","author":"Prunier","year":"1995"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00041649","article-title":"Complex, humanitarian emergencies: I\u2013Concept and participants","volume":"10","author":"Burlde","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prehosp Disast Med"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref038","first-page":"309","volume-title":"Humanitarian Crises: The Medical and Public Health Response","author":"Perrin","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA385642"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref023","unstructured":"23. Borton J , Brusset E , Hallam A : The international response to conflict and genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda experience. World Wide Web: http:\/\/www.um.dk\/udenrigspolitik\/udviklingspolitik\/evaluering\/1997_rwan da\/b3\/book3.html."},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13533319508413551"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00041650"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref019","volume-title":"A Story of Modern War.","author":"Bowden","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref030","volume-title":"Humanitarian Coordination Lessons Learned: Report of a Review Seminar","author":"Minear","year":"1998"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref012","first-page":"293","volume-title":"Humanitarian Crises: The Medical and Public Health Response.","author":"Burkle","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref009","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Macmillan Atlas of War and Peace: Bosnia-Herzegovina.","author":"Kinzer","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref008","volume-title":"Humanitarian Assistance Lessons of Operation Provide Comfort: A Study Prepared for the Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance and US Army Civil Affairs","author":"Brilliant","year":"1992"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.7249\/MR773","volume-title":"Army Medical Support for Peace Operations and Humanitarian Assistance","author":"Davis","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref010","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Macmillan Atlas of War and Peace: Bosnia Herzegovina.","author":"Sciolino","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/159.5.397"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46. Simmons PJ : Learning to live with NGOs. Foreign Policy 1998; Fall:82\u201396.","DOI":"10.2307\/1149037"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref017","volume-title":"Lives Lost, Lives Saved: Excess Mortality and the Impact of Health Interventions in the Somalia Emergency.","year":"1994"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref006","volume-title":"The US Mthtary\/NGO Relationship in Humanitarian Interventions","author":"Seiple","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.5.598"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref047","unstructured":"47. US Army PeaceKeeping Institute: Clinton administration policy on reforming multilateral peace operations (Presidential Decision Directive 25), 1994. World Wide Web: http:\/\/carlisle-www.army.mil\/usacsl\/divisions\/pki\/doc."},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref018","unstructured":"18. United Nations Security Council: United Nations Operations in Somalia\u2014UNOSOM II. (adapted from the Blue Helmets\u2014A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping, 1996) World Wide Web: http:\/\/www.un.org\/Depts\/dpko\/dpko\/co_mission\/unosom2.htm."},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref044","volume-title":"Handbook on War and Public Health","author":"Perrin","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510050053026","article-title":"Acute malnutrition and high childhood mortality related to diarrhea\u2013Lessons from the 1991 Kurdish refugee crisis","volume":"270","author":"Sharp","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref005","first-page":"443","article-title":"Public Health Consequences of Acute Displacement of Iraqi Citizens","volume":"40","year":"1991","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref011","first-page":"2","article-title":"Peacekeeping\u2014War with other means? UN medical support in a Balkan sideshow","volume":"4","author":"Sundnes","year":"1996","journal-title":"IFS Info"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5040\/9798216028406.ch-006","volume-title":"US Foreign Policy and the Four Horsemen of the Apocolypse. Humanitarian Relief in Complex Emergencies","author":"Natsios","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref028","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Military Civil Interactions","author":"Weiss","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref007","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Humanitarian Crises: The Medical and Public Health Response","author":"Sharp","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref027","unstructured":"27. United Nations Security Council: Resolution 1272 (1999). World Wide Web: http:\/\/www.un.org\/Docs\/scres\/1999\/99sc1272.htm."},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref034","unstructured":"34. National Security Caucus Foundation: The Weinberger Doctrine: 6 guidelines for committing American forces to combat. World Wide Web: http:\/\/www.nscf.net\/weinberg."},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref002","unstructured":"2. United States Institute of Peace: Civilian-military cooperation in complex emergencies. August 2000. World Wide Web: http:\/\/www.usip.org\/oc\/vd\/vdr\/nextlevel.html."},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref016","first-page":"68","article-title":"Humanitarian relief interventions: The economics of chaos","volume":"63","author":"Natsios","year":"1994","journal-title":"International Peacekeeping"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref022","volume-title":"The Humanitarian Response to Genocide and Civil War.","author":"Seybolt","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00396339708442915"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref014","volume-title":"To End a War.","author":"Holbrooke","year":"1998"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref039","volume-title":"Operation Restore Hope: A Preliminary Assessment","year":"1993"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5040\/9798216028406.ch-007","volume-title":"US Foreign Policy and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse","author":"Natsios","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1049023X00043314_ref001","unstructured":"1. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: OCHA Orientation Handbook on Complex Emergencies. August 1999. World Wide Web: http:\/\/www.reuefweb.int\/dha_ol\/index.html."}],"container-title":["Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1049023X00043314","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T08:13:59Z","timestamp":1718698439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1049023X00043314\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1049023X00043314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1049023x00043314","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-023X","1945-1938"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-023X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-1938","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]}}}