{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T14:20:37Z","timestamp":1770992437875,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]],"date-time":"2014-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415318400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3719,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS spectr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The goal of psychopharmacohgic research in autism is to provide guidance to clinicians and families on the risks and benefits of specific interventions. Careful subject selection and subject characterization in clinical trials are necessary for replication, to inform clinicians about the sample, and to elucidate the type of patients who might benefit from, the treatment. At minimum, subject characterization includes demographic information, diagnosis (autism, \u00c5sperger's syndrome, or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified), intellectual functioning, adaptive functioning, symptom severity, general behavioral profile, health status, pertinent clinical laboratory measures, height, weight, current treatments, and educational placements. Subject selection, sample size, and choice of the primary outcome measure are closely interrelated and linked to the study hypothesis. The magnitude of expected improvement on the primary outcome measure, which can be expressed by effect size, has direct implications for sample size. Large sample sizes are required to detect small effect sizes. To facilitate interpretation of study results, research reports should provide descriptive characteristics of the sample as well as the mean change and standard deviation on the primary outcome measure data to permit calculation of the effect size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852900008336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T03:27:43Z","timestamp":1470108463000},"page":"22-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Subject Selection and Characterization in Clinical Trials in Children with Autism"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Scahill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200204000-00020"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02211820"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01669.x"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912093412404"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01048240"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1996.tb12097.x"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref014","volume-title":"The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) for Diagnostic Screening and Classification in Autism","author":"Schopler","year":"1988"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref017","volume-title":"The Social Responsiveness Scale","author":"Constantino","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref025","volume-title":"Mullen Scales of Early Learning","author":"Mullen","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref037","first-page":"712","volume-title":"Pediatric Psychopharmacobgy: Principles and Practice","author":"Vitiello","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref046","volume-title":"ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology","author":"Guy","year":"1976"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref010","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00488"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022234605695"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013171"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540080059030"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)60610-5"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200211000-00012"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref007","volume-title":"Educating Children with Autism","author":"Lord","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref011","volume-title":"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","year":"1992"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref021","volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence","author":"Wechsler","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900008348"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025873925661"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200111000-00009"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref001","first-page":"563","volume-title":"Pediatric Psychopharmacology: Principles and Practice","author":"McDougle","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref023","volume-title":"Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales","author":"Raven","year":"1986"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref031","volume-title":"Clinical Trials: A Practical Approach","author":"Pocock","year":"1993"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0355(199323)14:3<234::AID-IMHJ2280140308>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref035","volume-title":"Power and Precision","author":"Borenstein","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-4222(01)00091-9"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref026","volume-title":"Vineland Scales of Adaptive Behavior, Survey Form Manual","author":"Sparrow","year":"1984"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref027","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test","author":"Dunn","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref022","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","author":"Wechsler","year":"1992"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005451304303"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015441428154"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref034","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200211000-00021"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195035681.001.0001"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200106000-00010"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00887.x"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref032","first-page":"217","article-title":"To increase power in randomized clinical trials without sample size","volume":"27","author":"Kraemer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021211232023"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref024","volume-title":"Differential Abilities Scale (DAS)","author":"Elliott","year":"1990"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01809.x"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172227"},{"key":"S1092852900008336_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2511\/rpsd.24.3.186"}],"container-title":["CNS Spectrums"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1092852900008336","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T21:50:58Z","timestamp":1557179458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1092852900008336\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1092852900008336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1092852900008336","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8529","2165-6509"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8529","type":"print"},{"value":"2165-6509","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}}}