{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T01:38:33Z","timestamp":1769391513855,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]],"date-time":"2014-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415318400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4147,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS spectr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is unique among the current brain stimulation techniques because it is relatively non-invasive. TMS markedly differs from vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation and magnetic seizure therapy, all of which require either an implanted prosthesis or general anesthesia, or both. Since its rebirth in its modern form in 1985, TMS has already shown potential usefulness in at least three important domains\u2014as a basic neuroscience research instrument, as a potential clinical diagnostic tool, and as a therapy for several different neuropsychiatric conditions. The TMS scientific literature has now expanded beyond what a single summary article can adequately cover. This review highlights several new developments in combining TMS with functional brain imaging, using TMS as a psychiatric therapy, potentially using TMS to enhance performance, and finally recent advances in the core technology of TMS. TMS' ability to non-invasively and focally stimulate the brain of an awake human is proving to be a most important development for neuroscience in general, and neuropsychiatry in particular.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852900018976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T03:26:08Z","timestamp":1470108368000},"page":"496-514","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Mechanisms and the Current State of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mark S.","family":"George","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ziad","family":"Nahas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F. Andrew","family":"Kozel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xingbao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Yamanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Mishory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daryl E.","family":"Bohning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref152","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry","author":"Bohning","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050471","article-title":"Facilitation of picture naming by focal transcranial magnetic stimulation of Wernicke's area","volume":"121","author":"Topper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000064950"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00016-X"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.3.276"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v62n1211"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.4.300"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref065","article-title":"Interleaved paired pulse TMS and BOLD fMRI [abstract, special issue]","volume":"133","author":"Bohning","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(92)90105-K"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/339215a0"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00358-8"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9457"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(01)00059-0"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref026","first-page":"269","article-title":"Extracellular excitation of central neurons: implications for the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation","volume":"1","author":"Grill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thalamus and Related Systems"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref011","volume-title":"CNS Spectr","author":"Kozel"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5435.1870"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01132-0"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60009-8"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-195407000-00024","volume-title":"Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain","author":"Penfield","year":"1954"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.81560"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.6.1590"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900004508"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900012013"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)01195-3"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref111","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Proc Am Psychiatr Assoc Ann Meeting","author":"Szuba","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(91)90016-J"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref005","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Magnetic Stimulation in Clinical Neurophysiology","author":"Barker","year":"1989"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.8.2.172","article-title":"Changes in mood and hormone levels after rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the prefrontal cortex","volume":"8","author":"George","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199100640-00002"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(97)00079-X"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00090-6"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950110044007"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref108","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Biol Psychiatry","author":"Nahas","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01274-4"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref020","volume-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","author":"George","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref139","first-page":"120","article-title":"Could left prefrontal rTMS modify negative symptoms and attention in schizophrenia?","volume":"45","author":"Nahas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200106000-00007"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(91)90103-5"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701004378"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1093"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref072","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Current Review of Mood Disorders","author":"George","year":"1995"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92413-4"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)90706-5"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref154","article-title":"A Coil design for transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions","author":"Roth","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.1.175"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(02)01479-0"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01499-3"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00182-1"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0987-7053(01)00260-X"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref003","volume-title":"Neuropsychiatry","author":"George","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199601310-00035"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref015","volume-title":"Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","author":"Pascual-Leone","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.11.4.426","article-title":"Two weeks of daily left prefrontal rTMS changes prefrontal cortex and paralimbic activity in depression","volume":"11","author":"Teneback","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref006","volume-title":"Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields","author":"Council","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01273180"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-200011000-00005"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00698-0"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-5597(97)00096-8"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900004491"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.4.546"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.4.315"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref022","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry","author":"Ziemann","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref074","first-page":"108","article-title":"Uber das Auftretten einer objectiven Lichtempfindung in magnetischen felde","volume":"15","author":"Beer","year":"1902","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)01219-6"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01118-5"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.8.2.172","article-title":"Changes in mood and hormone levels after rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex","volume":"8","author":"George","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.63.4.468"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/9219"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1077(199904)14:3<161::AID-HUP73>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.9.1277","article-title":"Decreased motor inhibition in Tourette's disorder: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"154","author":"Ziemann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199605000-00009"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref002","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Experimental Models of Epilepsy","author":"Ajmone-Marsan","year":"1972"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199806000-00004"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref043","first-page":"76s","article-title":"Primate models of transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"41","author":"Lisanby","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01271196"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref101","first-page":"81S","article-title":"Augmentation of sertraline antidepressant treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation [abstract]","volume":"49","author":"Lisanby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.5.675","article-title":"Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness","volume":"156","author":"Mayberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(01)00227-5"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(95)00088-7"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(01)00023-1","article-title":"TMS as a therapeutic tool in psychiatry: what do we know about neurobiological mechanisms?","volume":"35","author":"Pope","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(92)90135-X"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref051","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry","author":"Belmaker","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2586(200006)11:6<569::AID-JMRI1>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.5.1398"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01199-4"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref124","first-page":"1264","article-title":"Therapeutic Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"39","author":"Shimamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-15-j0003.2001"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01039-8"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01757.x"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02043-2"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: mapping and modifying brain-behavior relationships","volume":"2","author":"George","year":"1997","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1998)6:5\/6<399::AID-HBM13>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(02)00210-5"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.5.884"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref064","first-page":"S7","article-title":"15 Hz and 1 Hz TMS have different acute effects on cerebral blood flow in depressed patients","volume":"5","author":"Mitchel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.2.305"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00368-0"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01065-9"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1998)7:2<65::AID-DA2>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref068","first-page":"393","volume-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology, Fifth Generation of Progress","author":"George","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/depr.3050020202"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref071","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Advances in Biological Psychiatry","author":"George","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.470100408"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199510020-00008"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref086","volume-title":"The Cochrane Library","author":"Martin","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.12.1752"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref080","first-page":"251","article-title":"Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation and ECT","volume":"10","author":"George","year":"1994","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.6.946"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref126","volume-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol","author":"Chae"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.7.1143"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6394(2000)12:3<118::AID-DA2>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref082","first-page":"149","article-title":"A meta-analysis of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression","volume":"35","author":"Holtzheimer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bull"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01048-9"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200209000-00003"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.4.526"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.4.538","article-title":"Effect of sleep deprivation on brain metabolism of depressed patients","volume":"149","author":"Wu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145702002791"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01354-3"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(99)00092-X"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.1.14","article-title":"The biological basis of an antidepressant response to sleep deprivation and relapse: review and hypothesis","volume":"147","author":"Wu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref014","first-page":"55","article-title":"Performance of a system for interleaving transcranial magnetic stimulation with steady state magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"51","author":"Shastri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(94)90004-3"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01153-2"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.3.529"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-09-03178.1997"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref105","first-page":"560","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the elderly: correlation between effect size and coil-cortex distance","volume":"59","author":"Mosimann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(02)00355-X"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref044","first-page":"529","article-title":"Recording an identified pyramidal volley evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in a conscious macaque monkey","volume":"99","author":"Baker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.12.3.376"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref109","first-page":"8S","article-title":"Lamotrigine inhibits the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy adults [abstract]","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-977X(94)90096-5"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(96)00232-X"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2003.00011.x"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.4.300"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192629869.001.0001","volume-title":"Magnetic Stimulation of the Human Nervous System","author":"Mills","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref041","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry","author":"Grafman","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref113","first-page":"1301","article-title":"Anticonvulsant and antidepressant properties of electroconvulsive therapy: a proposed mechanism of action","volume":"18","author":"Sackeim","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.1.142"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-199809000-00005"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19990915)57:6<935::AID-JNR19>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00636-9"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00254-1"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00031-1"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.4.768"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00519-8"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref128","first-page":"119","article-title":"Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can reduce action myoclonus [abstract]","volume":"48","author":"Wedegaertner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.14.1.77"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.4.560"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.1_Part_1.186"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200111160-00034"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.169.6.690"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.63.4.468"},{"key":"S1092852900018976_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.6.867","article-title":"Effect of prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary study","volume":"154","author":"Greenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["CNS Spectrums"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1092852900018976","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T10:56:25Z","timestamp":1749034585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1092852900018976\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1092852900018976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1092852900018976","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8529","2165-6509"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8529","type":"print"},{"value":"2165-6509","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]}}}