{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:23:18Z","timestamp":1763036598123},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,14]],"date-time":"2003-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1060819200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Lang. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Textual question answering is a technique of extracting a sentence or text snippet from a document or document collection that responds directly to a query. Open-domain textual question answering presupposes that questions are natural and unrestricted with respect to topic. The question answering (Q\/A) techniques, as embodied in today's systems, can be roughly divided into two types: (1) techniques for Information Seeking (IS), which localize the answer in vast document collections; and (2) techniques for Reading Comprehension (RC) that answer a series of questions related to a given document. Although these two types of techniques and systems are different, it is desirable to combine them for enabling more advanced forms of Q\/A. This paper discusses an approach that successfully enhanced an existing IS system with RC capabilities. This enhancement is important because advanced Q\/A, as exemplified by the ARDA AQUAINT program, is moving towards Q\/A systems that incorporate semantic and pragmatic knowledge enabling dialogue-based Q\/A. Because today's RC systems involve a short series of questions in context, they represent a rudimentary form of interactive Q\/A which constitutes a possible foundation for more advanced forms of dialogue-based Q\/A.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1351324903003176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T08:24:31Z","timestamp":1309508671000},"page":"231-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Open-domain textual question answering techniques"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"SANDA M.","family":"HARABAGIU","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"STEVEN J.","family":"MAIORANO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MARIUS A.","family":"PA\u015eCA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,14]]},"container-title":["Natural Language Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1351324903003176","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]],"date-time":"2019-03-30T14:54:54Z","timestamp":1553957694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1351324903003176\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,14]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1351324903003176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1351324903003176","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-3249","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8110","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,14]]}}}