{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T04:07:32Z","timestamp":1750478852238,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Lang. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>This paper describes <jats:sc>CLIME<\/jats:sc>, a web-based legal advisory system with a multilingual natural language interface. <jats:sc>CLIME<\/jats:sc> is a \u2018proof-of-concept\u2019 system which answers queries relating to ship-building and ship-operating regulations. Its core knowledge source is a set of such regulations encoded as a conceptual domain model and a set of formalised legal inference rules. The system supports retrieval of regulations via the conceptual model, and assessment of the legality of a situation or activity on a ship according to the legal inference rules. The focus of this paper is on the natural language aspects of the system, which help the user to construct semantically complex queries using <jats:sc>WYSIWYM<\/jats:sc> technology, allow the system to produce extended and cohesive responses and explanations, and support the whole interaction through a hybrid synchronous\/asynchronous dialogue structure. Multilinguality (English and French) is viewed simply as interface localisation: the core representations are language-neutral, and the system can present extended or local interactions in either language at any time. The development of <jats:sc>CLIME<\/jats:sc> featured a high degree of client involvement, and the specification, implementation and evaluation of natural language components in this context are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s135132490600427x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,19]],"date-time":"2006-06-19T10:19:09Z","timestamp":1150712349000},"page":"101-132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Natural language processing in C<scp>LIME<\/scp>, a multilingual legal advisory system"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"ROGER","family":"EVANS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PAUL","family":"PIWEK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LYNNE","family":"CAHILL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"NEIL","family":"TIPPER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-10","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Information Sharing: Reference and Presupposition in Language Generation and Interpretation","author":"Krahmer","year":"2001"},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-2","unstructured":"Bertin, A. & Bagnato, A. (1999) Evaluation of the Natural Language Interface. CLIME (EP25414) Document. Task 3.3. (Circulation restricted to CLIME consortium)."},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-5","unstructured":"Burger, J. , Cardie, C. , Chaudri, V. , Gaizauskas, R. , Harabagiu, S. , Israel, D. , Jacquemin, C. , Lin, C.-Y. , Maiorano, S. , Miller, G. , Moldovan, D. , Ogden, B. , Prager, J. , Riloff, E. , Singhal, A. , Shrihari, R. , Strzalkowski, T. , Voorhees, E. & Weishedel, R. (2002) Issues, tasks and program structures to roadmap research in question & answering (Q&A), www-nlpir.nist.gov\/projects\/duc\/papers\/qa.Roadmap-paper_v2.doc."},{"volume-title":"IMO: MARPOL 73\/78","year":"2002","key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-11"},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-6","first-page":"10","article-title":"Semi-automatic construction of multilingual lexicons","volume":"15","author":"Cahill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Machine Translation and Multilingual Applications in the New Millennium (MT2000)"},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324901002807"},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-15","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IMPACTS in NLG Workshop","author":"Piwek","year":"2000"},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-22","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Law and Technology (LawTech-99).","author":"Winkels","year":"1999"},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-3","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Legal Ontologies","author":"Boer","year":"2001"},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-12","first-page":"607","volume-title":"Proceedings of COLING 2000","author":"Piwek","year":"2000"},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-1","unstructured":"Bertin, A. , Bagnato, A. & Lorenzon, D. (2001) Final Evaluation. CLIME (EP25414) Document. WP 5.6 (Circulation restricted to CLIME consortium)."},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-8","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Natural Language Generation (INLG-02)","author":"Evans","year":"2002"},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-255"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-2002).","year":"2002","author":"Winkels","key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-23"},{"volume-title":"Papers from the 1999 AAAI Fall Symposium","year":"1999","author":"Chaudri","key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-7"},{"volume-title":"ITRI Technical Report ITRI-02-03","year":"2002","author":"Piwek","key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-13"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of AMSTELOGUE '99: Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue.","year":"1999","author":"Piwek","key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-14"},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511519857"},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-16","first-page":"677","volume-title":"ECAI-98. 13th European Conference on AI","author":"Power","year":"1998"},{"volume-title":"Legal Knowledge Engineering: A modelling approach.","year":"1995","author":"Valente","key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-19"},{"key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324901002789"},{"volume-title":"Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Ships","year":"1997","key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-4"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation","year":"1999","author":"Reape","key":"S135132490600427X_manual_ref-17"}],"container-title":["Natural Language Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S135132490600427X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T23:36:18Z","timestamp":1750462578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S135132490600427X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S135132490600427X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s135132490600427x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1351-3249"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8110"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}}}