{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T18:41:26Z","timestamp":1726425686302},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230768000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Lang. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report work on adding semantic role labels to the Chinese Treebank, a corpus already annotated with phrase structures. The work involves locating all verbs and their nominalizations in the corpus, and semi-automatically adding semantic role labels to their arguments, which are constituents in a parse tree. Although the same procedure is followed, different issues arise in the annotation of verbs and nominalized predicates. For verbs, identifying their arguments is generally straightforward given their syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank as they tend to occupy well-defined syntactic positions. Our discussion focuses on the syntactic variations in the realization of the arguments as well as our approach to annotating dislocated and discontinuous arguments. In comparison, identifying the arguments for nominalized predicates is more challenging and we discuss criteria and procedures for distinguishing arguments from non-arguments. In particular we focus on the role of support verbs as well as the relevance of event\/result distinctions in the annotation of the predicate-argument structure of nominalized predicates. We also present our approach to taking advantage of the syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank to bootstrap the predicate-argument structure annotation of verbs. Finally, we discuss the creation of a lexical database of frame files and its role in guiding predicate-argument annotation. Procedures for ensuring annotation consistency and inter-annotator agreement evaluation results are also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1351324908004865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,24]],"date-time":"2008-10-24T06:50:36Z","timestamp":1224831036000},"page":"143-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Adding semantic roles to the Chinese Treebank"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"NIANWEN","family":"XUE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MARTHA","family":"PALMER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref17","unstructured":"Xue N. 2004. Handling Dislocated and Discontinuous Constituents in Chinese Semantic Role Labeling. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Asian Language Resources, ALR04, Hainan Island, China."},{"volume-title":"The Bracketing Guidelines for Penn Chinese Treebank Project","year":"2000","author":"Xue","key":"S1351324908004865_ref23"},{"volume-title":"English Verbs and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation","year":"1993","author":"Levin","key":"S1351324908004865_ref8"},{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue N. , and Palmer M. 2003. Annotating the propositions in the Penn Chinese Treebank. In The Proceedings of the 2nd SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing, Sapporo, Japan.","DOI":"10.3115\/1119250.1119257"},{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0891201053630264"},{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref3","unstructured":"Burchardt A. , Erk K. , Frank A. , Kowalski A. , Pado S. , and Pinkal M. 2006. The SALSA corpus: a German corpus resource for lexical semantics. In Proceedings of LREC 2006, Genoa, Italy, pp. 969\u2013974."},{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref16","unstructured":"Xue N. 2003. Guidelines for the Chinese Proposition Bank."},{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-007-9025-9"},{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref1","unstructured":"Abney S. , Schapire R. , and Singer Y. 1999. Boosting applied to tagging and PP attachment. In Proceedings of the Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora, 1999, College Park, MD, USA."},{"volume-title":"Treebanks: Building and Using Annotated Corpora","year":"2003","author":"Haji\u010d","key":"S1351324908004865_ref6"},{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer M. , Rosenzwieg J. , and Cotton S. 2001. Automatic predicate argument analysis of the penn treebank. 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In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Genoa, Italy."},{"volume-title":"Building and Using Parsed Corpora","year":"2004","author":"Chen","key":"S1351324908004865_ref4"},{"volume-title":"Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences","year":"1988","author":"Siegel","key":"S1351324908004865_ref15"},{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref25","unstructured":"Yi S. , Loper E. , and Palmer M. 2007. Can semantic roles generalize across genres? In Proceedings of NAACL-2007, Rochester, NY, pp. 548\u201355."},{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135132490400364X"},{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker C. , Fillmore C. , and Lowe J. 1998. The Berkeley FrameNet Project. In Proceedings of COLING-ACL, Montreal, Canada.","DOI":"10.3115\/980451.980860"},{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref10","first-page":"313","article-title":"Building a large annotated corpus of english: the penn treebank","volume":"19","author":"Marcus","year":"1993","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref22","unstructured":"Xue N. , and Palmer M. 2005. Automatic semantic role labeling for Chinese verbs. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 1160\u20135."},{"volume-title":"Subject and Topic","year":"1976","author":"Li","key":"S1351324908004865_ref9"},{"key":"S1351324908004865_ref5","unstructured":"Chierchia G. 1984. Topics in the Syntax and Semantics of Infinitives and Gerunds. 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In Proceedings of the NAACL\/HLT Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotation, Boston, MA, pp. 24\u201331."}],"container-title":["Natural Language Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1351324908004865","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T18:06:41Z","timestamp":1557857201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1351324908004865\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1351324908004865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1351324908004865","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1351-3249"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8110"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}}}