{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T19:28:58Z","timestamp":1710271738445},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496102400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Lang. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In written Chinese, personal pronouns are commonly dropped when they can be inferred from context. This practice is particularly common in informal genres like Short Message Service messages sent via cell phones. Restoring dropped personal pronouns can be a useful preprocessing step for information extraction. Dropped personal pronoun recovery can be divided into two subtasks: (1) detecting dropped personal pronoun slots and (2) determining the identity of the pronoun for each slot. We address a simpler version of restoring dropped personal pronouns wherein only the person numbers are identified. After applying a word segmenter, we used a linear-chain conditional random field to predict which words were at the start of an independent clause. Then, using the independent clause start information, as well as lexical and syntactic information, we applied a conditional random field or a maximum-entropy classifier to predict whether a dropped personal pronoun immediately preceded each word and, if so, the person number of the dropped pronoun. We conducted a series of experiments using a manually annotated corpus of Chinese Short Message Service. Our approaches substantially outperformed a rule-based approach based partially on rules developed by Chung and Gildea (2010, Effects of Empty Categories on Machine Translation.<jats:italic>Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)<\/jats:italic>. Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 636\u201345). Our approaches also outperformed (though by a considerably smaller margin) a machine-learning approach based closely on work by Yang, Liu, and Xue in (2015, Recovering Dropped Pronouns from Chinese Text Messages.<jats:italic>Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)<\/jats:italic>. Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 309\u201313). Features derived from parsing largely did not help our approaches. We conclude that, given independent clause start information, the parse information we used was largely superfluous for identifying dropped personal pronouns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1351324917000158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T06:31:25Z","timestamp":1496125885000},"page":"905-927","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dropped personal pronoun recovery in Chinese SMS"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"CHRIS","family":"GIANNELLA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RANSOM","family":"WINDER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"STACY","family":"PETERSEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref012","first-page":"2113","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)","author":"Kong","year":"2013"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref018","first-page":"494","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)","author":"Rao","year":"2015"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref024","unstructured":"Xue N. , Xia F. , Huang S. , and Kroch A. 2000. The bracketing guidelines for the penn Chinese treebank (3.0). Technical Report No. IRCS-00-08, University of Pennsylvania Institute for Research in Cognitive Science. http:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/ircs_reports\/39\/."},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref010","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Kawahara","year":"2005"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420011814","volume-title":"Randomization Tests","author":"Edington","year":"2007"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref002","first-page":"212","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)","author":"Cai","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref001","unstructured":"Baran E. , Yang Y. , and Xue N. 2012. Annotating dropped pronouns in Chinese newswire text. In Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC). European Language Resources Association (ELRA). pp. 2795\u20139."},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref015","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)","author":"Manning","year":"2014"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref026","unstructured":"Yang Y. 2014. Reading between the lines: recovering implicit information from Chinese texts. Ph.D. Stroudsburg, PA USA: Dissertation, Department of Computer Science, Brandeis University."},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref019","first-page":"758","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP)","author":"Sasano","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref017","first-page":"1051","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)","author":"Rahman","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref025","first-page":"905","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation","author":"Yang","year":"2008"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref031","first-page":"541","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Zhao","year":"2007"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref029","first-page":"947","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)","author":"Yeh","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref023","first-page":"1051","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)","author":"Xue","year":"2013"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref009","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory: The Null Subject Parameter","author":"Huang","year":"1989"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref006","first-page":"636","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Chung","year":"2010"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-012-9197-9"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref016","unstructured":"McCallum A. 2002. Accessed July 16, 2013. http:\/\/mallet.cs.umass.edu."},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref005","first-page":"1622","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Chen","year":"2014"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref003","first-page":"1360","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Chen","year":"2013"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref030","first-page":"41","article-title":"Zero anaphora resolution in Chinese with shallow parsing","volume":"17","author":"Yeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Chinese Language and Computing"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref021","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second CIPS-SIGHAN Joint Conference on Chinese Language Processing","author":"Wang","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref013","first-page":"282","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Lafferty","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref011","first-page":"882","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Kong","year":"2010"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref027","first-page":"309","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)","author":"Yang","year":"2015"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref022","first-page":"631","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)","author":"Xue","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref014","first-page":"2231","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC)","author":"Levy","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref020","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)","author":"Seki","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref008","first-page":"203","article-title":"Centering: a framework for modeling the local coherence of discourse","volume":"21","author":"Grosz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"S1351324917000158_ref028","first-page":"1382","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)","author":"Yang","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Natural Language Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1351324917000158","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T22:00:37Z","timestamp":1602194437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1351324917000158\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1351324917000158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1351324917000158","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-3249","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8110","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]]}}}