{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:02:15Z","timestamp":1783641735413,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496275200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Lang. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poetry generation is a specific kind of natural language generation where several sources of knowledge are typically exploited to handle features on different levels, such as syntax, semantics, form or aesthetics. But although this task has been addressed by several researchers, and targeted different languages, all known systems have focused on a limited purpose and a single language. This article describes the effort of adapting the same architecture to generate poetry in three different languages \u2013 Portuguese, Spanish and English. An existing architecture is first described and complemented with the adaptations required for each language, including the linguistic resources used for handling morphology, syntax, semantics and metric scansion. An automatic evaluation was designed in such a way that it would be applicable to the target languages. It covered three relevant aspects of the generated poems, namely: the presence of poetic features, the variation of the linguistic structure and the semantic connection to a given topic. The automatic measures applied for the second and third aspect can be seen as novel in the evaluation of poetry. Overall, poems were successfully generated in the three languages addressed. Despite minor differences in different languages or seed words, poems revealed to have a regular metre, frequent rhymes, to exhibit an interesting degree of variation, and to be semantically-associated with the initially given seeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1351324917000171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T08:26:31Z","timestamp":1496305591000},"page":"929-967","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Multilingual extension and evaluation of a poetry generator"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5779-8645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"HUGO GON\u00c7ALO","family":"OLIVEIRA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RAQUEL","family":"HERV\u00c1S","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ALBERTO","family":"D\u00cdAZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PABLO","family":"GERV\u00c1S","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref046","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation","author":"Santos","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref011","volume-title":"Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Computational Creativity","author":"Das","year":"2014"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref008","first-page":"22","article-title":"Word association norms, mutual information, and lexicography","volume":"16","author":"Church","year":"1990","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref002","first-page":"162","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation","author":"Agirrezabal","year":"2013"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref055","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computational Creativity June","author":"van der Velde","year":"2015"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref044","volume-title":"Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Computational Creativity","author":"Rashel","year":"2014"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1642011.1642017"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44795-4_42"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref023","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Proceedings of 4th International Joint Workshop on Computational Creativity","author":"Gon\u00e7alo Oliveira","year":"2007"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2991\/978-94-6239-085-0_12","volume-title":"Computational Creativity Research: Towards Creative Machines","author":"Gon\u00e7alo Oliveira","year":"2015"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-7051(01)00095-8"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref007","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computational Creativity","author":"Charnley","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref033","volume-title":"Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Literature in Cognition and Computer","author":"Manurung","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref037","first-page":"100","volume-title":"Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Newman","year":"2010"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref028","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Proceedings of Bridges 2015: Mathematics, Music, Art, Architecture, Culture","author":"Lamb","year":"2015"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref005","first-page":"107","article-title":"The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine","volume":"30","author":"Brin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Computer Networks"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1642011.1642016"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref003","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Proceedings of 20th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI)","author":"Barbieri","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1074"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1060745.1060797"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref026","first-page":"2525","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation","author":"Gonzalez-Agirre","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1351324917000171_ref048","unstructured":"Tobing B. 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