{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:59:20Z","timestamp":1777042760151,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nat. Lang. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Moderators often face a double challenge regarding reducing offensive and harmful content in social media. Despite the need to prevent the free circulation of such content, strict censorship on social media cannot be implemented due to a tricky dilemma \u2013 preserving free speech on the Internet while limiting them and how not to overreact. Existing systems do not essentially exploit the correlatedness of hate-offensive content and aggressive posts; instead, they attend to the tasks individually. As a result, the need for cost-effective, sophisticated multi-task systems to effectively detect aggressive and offensive content on social media is highly critical in recent times. This work presents a novel multifaceted transformer-based framework to identify aggressive and hate posts on social media. Through an end-to-end transformer-based multi-task network, our proposed approach addresses the following array of tasks: (a) aggression identification, (b) misogynistic aggression identification, (c) identifying hate-offensive and non-hate-offensive content, (d) identifying hate, profane, and offensive posts, (e) type of offense. We further investigate the role of emotion in improving the system\u2019s overall performance by learning the task of emotion detection jointly with the other tasks. We evaluate our approach on two popular benchmark datasets of aggression and hate speech, covering four languages, and compare the system performance with various state-of-the-art methods. Results indicate that our multi-task system performs significantly well for all the tasks across multiple languages, outperforming several benchmark methods. Moreover, the secondary task of emotion detection substantially improves the system performance for all the tasks, indicating strong correlatedness among the tasks of aggression, hate, and emotion, thus opening avenues for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1351324923000104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T12:43:29Z","timestamp":1681217009000},"page":"1495-1515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A transformer-based multi-task framework for joint detection of aggression and hate on social media data"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1910-4320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumitra","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Priyankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Asif","family":"Ekbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pushpak","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-021-09828-7"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S19-2007"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref11","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2018, Miyazaki, Japan, May 7\u201312, 2018","author":"de la Vega","year":"2018"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref25","first-page":"106","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying, Marseille, France","author":"Koufakou","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref27","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying, pp. 113\u2013119, Marseille, France","author":"Kumari","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3368567.3368584"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref31","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Working Notes of FIRE 2019 - Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation, Kolkata, India, December 12\u201315, 2019","volume":"2517","author":"Mensonides","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref33","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Working Notes of FIRE 2019 - Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation, Kolkata, India, December 12\u201315, 2019","volume":"2517","author":"Mujadia","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref37","first-page":"126","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying, Marseille, France","author":"Safi Samghabadi","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref41","article-title":"Detection of emotions in hindi-english code mixed text data","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(01)00106-X"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref42","first-page":"1929","article-title":"Dropout: A simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting","volume":"15","author":"Srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref20","volume-title":"Detoxify","author":"Hanu","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref44","first-page":"5998","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2017, December 4\u20139, 2017, Long Beach, CA, USA","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref45","first-page":"128","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop","author":"Vijay","year":"2018"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135132492000056X"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429500046"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref50","first-page":"7370","volume-title":"The Thirty-Third AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2019, The Thirty-First Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference, IAAI 2019, The Ninth AAAI Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence, EAAI 2019, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, January 27\u2013February 1, 2019","author":"Yao","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref16","first-page":"460","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON)","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref43","first-page":"3","article-title":"The automated detection of racist discourse in dutch social media","volume":"6","author":"Tulkens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands Journal"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref28","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Working Notes of FIRE 2019 - Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation, Kolkata, India, December 12\u201315, 2019","volume":"2517","author":"Lu","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S19-2010"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref26","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying, TRAC@LREC 2020, Marseille, France, May 2020","author":"Kumar","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref18","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying, Marseille, France","author":"Gordeev","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref2","volume-title":"3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2015, San Diego, CA, USA, May 7\u20139, 2015, Conference Track Proceedings","author":"Bahdanau","year":"2015"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref6","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth Evaluation Campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. Final Workshop (EVALITA 2018) Co-located with the Fifth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it 2018), Turin, Italy, December 12\u201313, 2018, CEUR Workshop Proceedings","volume":"2263","author":"Bosco","year":"2018"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref9","first-page":"6193","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, LREC 2020, Marseille, France, May 11\u201316, 2020","author":"Caselli","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.112851"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref24","volume-title":"3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2015, San Diego, CA, USA, May 7\u20139, 2015, Conference Track Proceedings","author":"Kingma","year":"2015"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13053\/cys-23-4-3299"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324920000510"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref49","volume-title":"14th Conference on Natural Language Processing KONVENS 2018","author":"Wiegand","year":"2018"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref12","first-page":"4171","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT 2019, Minneapolis, MN, USA, June 2\u20137, 2019, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)","author":"Devlin","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref51","first-page":"1415","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT 2019, Minneapolis, MN, USA, June 2\u20137, 2019, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)","author":"Zampieri","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref8","article-title":"Hatebert: Retraining BERT for abusive language detection in english","author":"Caselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref32","first-page":"208","volume-title":"Working Notes of FIRE 2019 - Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation, Kolkata, India, December 12\u201315, 2019","volume":"2517","author":"Mishra","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref35","first-page":"579","volume-title":"Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, IJCNLP 2013, Nagoya, Japan, October 14\u201318, 2013","author":"Nitta","year":"2013"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref19","first-page":"468","volume-title":"SIGIR 2004: Proceedings of the 27th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Sheffield, UK, July 25\u201329, 2004","author":"Greevy","year":"2004"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref34","first-page":"214","volume-title":"Working Notes of FIRE 2019 - Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation, Kolkata, India, December 12\u201315, 2019","volume":"2517","author":"Nina-Alcocer","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref47","first-page":"88","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop, SRW@HLT-NAACL 2016, The 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, San Diego, California, USA, June 12\u201317, 2016","author":"Waseem","year":"2016"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref17","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, AISTATS 2011, Fort Lauderdale, USA, April 11\u201313, 2011","volume":"15","author":"Glorot","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref36","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it 2017), Rome, Italy, December 11\u201313, 2017","volume":"2006","author":"Poletto","year":"2017"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/jlac.1.1.04har"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jplr.2010.011"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref10","first-page":"8440","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2020, Online, July 5\u201310, 2020","author":"Conneau","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0952813X.2017.1409284"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref7","volume-title":"Do Not Feel the Trolls","author":"Cambria","year":"2010"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref38","first-page":"246","volume-title":"Working Notes of FIRE 2019 - Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation, Kolkata, India, December 12\u201315, 2019","volume":"2517","author":"Saha","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2362394.2362400"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-emnlp.154"},{"key":"S1351324923000104_ref14","first-page":"214","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Evaluation of Human Language Technologies for Iberian Languages (IberEval 2018) Co-located with 34th Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2018), Sevilla, Spain, September 18th, 2018","volume":"2150","author":"Fersini","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Natural Language Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1351324923000104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T10:48:33Z","timestamp":1701859713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1351324923000104\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1351324923000104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1351324923000104","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-3249","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8110","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}