{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T22:56:14Z","timestamp":1752360974050},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]],"date-time":"1999-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":920246400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Lang. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper discusses the nature, history and current characteristics of Language Engineering, \nwhich is contrasted with Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics, and \nwhich is shown to have attained its own distinct identity in recent years. Major trends in \nthe field are examined, including its focus on large-scale practical tasks and on quantitative \nevaluation of progress, and its willingness to embrace a diverse range of techniques. The \nimportance of software engineering in this context is noted, as are some sociological aspects \nof the practitioner group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1351324999002144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:30:22Z","timestamp":1027776622000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A definition and short history of Language Engineering"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"HAMISH","family":"CUNNINGHAM","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]},"container-title":["Natural Language Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1351324999002144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]],"date-time":"2019-03-31T19:19:49Z","timestamp":1554059989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1351324999002144\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1351324999002144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1351324999002144","relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-3249","1469-8110"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-3249","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8110","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]}}}