{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T22:00:54Z","timestamp":1747173654508,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600732800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Theory and Practice of Logic Programming"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper describes an ongoing effort in developing a declarative system for supporting operators in the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) control room. The focus is on two modules: diagnosis and explanation of events that happened in NPPs. We describe an Answer Set Programming (ASP) representation of an NPP, which consists of declarations of state variables, components, their connections, and rules encoding the plant behavior. We then show how the ASP program can be used to explain the series of events that occurred in the Three Mile Island, Unit 2 (TMI-2) NPP accident, the most severe accident in the USA nuclear power plant operating history. We also describe an explanation module aimed at addressing answers to questions such as \u201cwhy an event occurs?\u201d or \u201cwhat should be done?\u201d given the collected data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1471068420000241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T02:43:15Z","timestamp":1600742595000},"page":"926-941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Application of ASP in Nuclear Engineering: Explaining the Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident Scenario"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"BOTROS N.","family":"HANNA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LY LY T","family":"TRIEU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3689-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"TRAN C.","family":"SON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"NAM T.","family":"DINH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref16","unstructured":"16. NSAC. 1980. Analysis of Three Mile Island-Unit 2 accident. Tech. rep., Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA (USA). Nuclear Safety Analysis Center."},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref17","unstructured":"17. Park, Y. S. and Vilim, R. 2017. Implementation of new prodiag algorithm and simulation-based acceptance test. In Proc. Nuclear Power Instrumentation, Control and Human-Machine Interface Technologies Conf.(NPIC&HMIT 2017). 11\u201315."},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2017.11.014","article-title":"An intelligent hybrid methodology of on-line system-level fault diagnosis for nuclear power plant","volume":"3","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nuclear Engineering and Technology 50"},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref6","unstructured":"6. Derivan, Michael . 2014. The Davis Besse nuclear power plant Three Mile Island Accident precursor event. http:\/\/www.nukeknews.com\/TMI"},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref1","unstructured":"1. Balduccini, M. and Gelfond, M. 2003. Diagnostic reasoning with a-prolog. Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 3, 4+ 5, 425\u2013461."},{"volume-title":"Programming in Prolog: Using the ISO standard","year":"2012","author":"Clocksin","key":"S1471068420000241_ref4"},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref22","unstructured":"22. U.S.NRC. 2018. Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident. https:\/\/www.nrc.gov\/reading-rm\/doc-collections\/fact-sheets\/3mile-isle.html."},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Justifications for logic programs under answer set semantics","volume":"1","author":"Pontelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"TPLP 9"},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.5516\/NET.04.2014.721","article-title":"Functional modelling for fault diagnosis and its application for npp","volume":"6","author":"Lind","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nuclear Engineering and Technology 46"},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref9","unstructured":"9. Hanna, B. , Son, T. C. , and Dinh, N. 2019. An artificial intelligence-guided decision support system for the nuclear power plant management. In Proceedings of the 18th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics (NURETH 2019)."},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.13182\/NT95-A35179","article-title":"Development of the on-line operator aid system oasys using a rule-based expert system and fuzzy logic for nuclear power plants","volume":"2","author":"Chang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nuclear technology 112"},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.13182\/NSE99-A2038","article-title":"Prodiag: a process-independent transient diagnostic system\u2014i: theoretical concepts","volume":"3","author":"Reifman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nuclear science and engineering 131"},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Marek, V. and Truszczy\u0144ski, M. 1999. Stable models and an alternative logic programming paradigm. In The Logic Programming Paradigm: a 25-year Perspective. 375\u2013398.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60085-2_17"},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref8","unstructured":"8. Gelfond, M. and Lifschitz, V. 1990. Logic programs with classical negation. In Logic Programming: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference, Warren, D. and Szeredi, P. , Eds. 579\u2013597."},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref14","unstructured":"14. Niemel\u00e4, I. 1999. Logic programming with stable model semantics as a constraint programming paradigm. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 25, 3,4, 241\u2013273."},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref7","unstructured":"7. DOE. 2009. Human performance improvement handbook volume 1: concepts and principles, 1 ed. Vol. 1. US Department of Energy."},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref15","unstructured":"15. NRC. 1979. Investigation into the March 28, 1979 Three Mile Island accident by office of inspection and enforcement. technical report NUREG-0600. Tech. rep., U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC (USA)."},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850003","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218213018500033","article-title":"Intelligent modeling for nuclear power plant accident management","volume":"02","author":"Darling","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 27"},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref10","unstructured":"10. Lew, R. , Boring, R. L. , and Ulrich, T. A. 2018. Transitioning nuclear power plant main control room from paper based procedures to computer based procedures. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, 1, 1605\u20131609."},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Liang, S. , Fodor, P. , Wan, H. , and Kifer, M. 2009. Openrulebench: an analysis of the performance of rule engines. In Proceedings of the 18th international conference on World wide web. 601\u2013610.","DOI":"10.1145\/1526709.1526790"},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2013.2293350","article-title":"Instrumentation performance during the TMI-2 accident","volume":"4","author":"Rempe","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 61"},{"key":"S1471068420000241_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4549(02)00047-6","article-title":"An intelligent nuclear reactor core controller for load following operations, using recurrent neural networks and fuzzy systems","volume":"1","author":"Boroushaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Nuclear Energy 30"}],"container-title":["Theory and Practice of Logic Programming"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1471068420000241","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T10:49:28Z","timestamp":1603104568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1471068420000241\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471068420000241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1471068420000241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-0684","1475-3081"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1471-0684"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1475-3081"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2020. 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