{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T14:47:23Z","timestamp":1776610043492,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,25]],"date-time":"2008-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1203897600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Renew. Agric. Food Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three strategies for controlling<jats:italic>Cirsium arvense<\/jats:italic>including (i) repeated stubble tillage with subsequent forage crop cultivation, (ii) repeated mowing of a ryegrass\u2013clover ley and (iii) forage crop cultivation following a ryegrass\u2013clover ley ploughed in May\/June were investigated in field experiments over 3 years at the Experimental Farm for Organic Agriculture \u2018Wiesengut\u2019 in North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany. The development of<jats:italic>C. arvense<\/jats:italic>(shoot density, shoot size and ground cover) was regularly assessed on fixed standardized subplots. In the medium-term (9 months), repeated stubble tillage (i) decreased shoot density and regrowth capacity of<jats:italic>C. arvense<\/jats:italic>more effectively than a mowed ryegrass\u2013clover ley (ii and iii). However, after 22 months, strategies (i) and (ii) resulted in a similar strong reduction of<jats:italic>C. arvense<\/jats:italic>shoot density of 95 and 97%, respectively. At this time, the efficacy of strategy (iii) (89%) was not significantly different to that of strategies (i) and (ii). After 26 months, the effect of all strategies was still apparent; however, the efficacy of strategy (iii) was significantly lower than that of strategy (ii). Generally, the different strategies showed only minor differences, thus delivering options for optimal strategies of thistle control under given specific conditions of sites and cropping systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1742170507002013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,25]],"date-time":"2008-02-25T15:12:46Z","timestamp":1203952366000},"page":"13-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Strategies to control Canada thistle (<i>Cirsium arvense<\/i>) under organic farming conditions"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Pavel","family":"Lukashyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"K\u00f6pke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref025","first-page":"15","author":"Hansen","year":"1918"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref023","first-page":"348","volume-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Pflanzenbau","author":"Heinisch","year":"1931"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref021","first-page":"205","volume-title":"The Biology of Weeds","author":"Bakker","year":"1960"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref017","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Akertistelns reaktion pa avslagning, omgr\u00e4vning och konkurrens","author":"Dock Gustavsson","year":"1994"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref016","unstructured":"16\u00a0 Hodgson J.M. 1971. Canada Thistle and Its Control. United States Department of Agriculture Leaflet No. 523. Washington, DC, 8 pp."},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref014","first-page":"563","article-title":"Bedeutung von Stoppelbearbeitung und Fruchtfolge f\u00fcr die Regulierung der Acker-Kratzdistel (Cirsium arvense) im \u00f6kologischen Landbau","author":"H\u00e4usler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996516.0000"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref006","first-page":"483","article-title":"The effect of stubble tillage and primary tillage on population dynamics of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) in organic farming","author":"Pekrun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref004","unstructured":"4\u00a0 Verschwele A. and H\u00e4usler A. 2003. Strategies to control Cirsium arvense in organic farming systems. Proceedings of the BCPC International Congress: Crop Science and Technology, Glasgow. p. 481\u2013486."},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref002","first-page":"32","volume-title":"The nature, ecology, and control of Canada thistle","author":"Hodgson","year":"1968"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref020","unstructured":"20\u00a0 Welton F.A. , Morris V.H. and Hartzler A.J. 1929. Organic food reserves in relation to the eradication of Canada thistle. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station's Bulletin No. 441, 25 pp."},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-1987(99)00017-3"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref001","first-page":"217","volume-title":"The World's Worst Weed\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Distribution and Biology","author":"Holm","year":"1977"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref013","first-page":"475","article-title":"Cultural control of Cirsium arvense in a cereal-based crop rotation","author":"Dau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043174500088421","article-title":"Effect of light, watering frequency, and chlorsulfuron on Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)","volume":"39","author":"Zimdahl","year":"1991","journal-title":"Weed Science"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref024","volume-title":"Ackerunkr\u00e4uter. Biologie, allgemeine Bek\u00e4mpfung und Einzelbek\u00e4mpfung","author":"Wehsarg","year":"1954"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref005","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Weed Control in Limited Tillage Systems","author":"Staniforth","year":"1985"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.1970.tb00675.x"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3180.1997.d01-37.x"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/337552"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref018","unstructured":"18\u00a0 Arny A.C. 1932. Variations in the organic reserves in underground parts of five perennial weeds from late April to November. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment station's Bulletin No. 84, 28 pp."},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref015","unstructured":"15\u00a0 Mitchell R.B. and Abernethy R.J. 1995. The effect of topping and repeat grazings on Californian thistle and pasture production. Proceedings of the 48th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, Palmerston North, New Zealand, p. 189\u2013193."},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043174500083909","article-title":"Seasonal variations in Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) root bud growth and root carbohydrate reserves","volume":"33","author":"McAllister","year":"1985","journal-title":"Weed Science"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref009","volume-title":"The SAS System for Windows Edition 8.01","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3180.2003.00352.x"},{"key":"S1742170507002013_ref003","first-page":"193","article-title":"Management and control of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)","volume":"5","author":"Donald","year":"1990","journal-title":"Reviews in Weed Science"}],"container-title":["Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1742170507002013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]],"date-time":"2020-05-02T07:29:57Z","timestamp":1588404597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1742170507002013\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,25]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1742170507002013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1742170507002013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-1705","1742-1713"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-1705","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-1713","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 2008","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}