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In most cases, genetic algorithms are utilised for optimisation in offline applications; however, this work proposes an approach that performs real-time path planning with the capability to avoid dynamic obstacles. The proposed method is based on applying a genetic algorithm to find optimised trajectories in changing static and dynamic environments. The genetic algorithm considers genetic operators that are employed for path planning, along with high mutation criteria, the population of convergence, repopulation criteria and the incorporation of the destination point within the population. The effectiveness of this approach is validated through results obtained from both simulations and experiments, demonstrating that the genetic algorithm ensures efficient path planning and the ability to effectively avoid static and dynamic obstacles. A genetic algorithm for path planning of UAVs is proposed, achieving optimised paths in both static and dynamic environments for real-time tasks. In addition, this path planning algorithm has the properties to avoid static and moving obstacles in real-time environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/aer.2024.132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T11:40:16Z","timestamp":1734349216000},"page":"902-938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Genetic algorithm-based path planning of quadrotor UAVs on a 3D environment"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"M.A.","family":"Gutierrez-Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.G.","family":"Rojo-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.E.","family":"Cabriales-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Estabridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0445-1541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O.","family":"Garcia-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0001924024001325_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.10.014"},{"key":"S0001924024001325_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192760","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3032929","article-title":"A dynamic artificial potential field (D-APF) UAV path planning technique for following ground moving targets","volume":"8","author":"Jayaweera","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"S0001924024001325_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7120375"},{"key":"S0001924024001325_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSET.2018.8336181"},{"key":"S0001924024001325_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2017.12.011"},{"key":"S0001924024001325_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10165613"},{"key":"S0001924024001325_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2807558"},{"key":"S0001924024001325_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1090.001.0001"},{"key":"S0001924024001325_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISRIMT53730.2021.9596783"},{"key":"S0001924024001325_ref14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review of classical and heuristic-based navigation and path planning approaches","volume":"5","author":"Atyabi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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