{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T09:31:16Z","timestamp":1793525476160,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1349","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aeronaut. j."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The introduction of advanced automation and human-artificial intelligence (AI) teaming is expected to permit more efficient use of airspace in the face of increasing air transport demand. Additionally, the development of next-generation aircraft to support net-zero has introduced more complexity into the future flight deck and informational requirements. This study evaluates a design for an \u2018intelligent assistant\u2019 system that could share tasks with the pilot during engine failure and pilot incapacitation events, promoting greater reliance on system interaction as workload increases. Four professional pilots were split into two groups to perform six and eight scenarios, respectively. The aim was to identify the task-related information for the designed system to promote transparency to the pilots. Three modalities varied across each scenario (visual, auditory and physical) to evaluate the combination of modality to increase pilot monitoring and interaction with the system. Analysis of participant feedback indicated key limitations to existing human-machine-interaction design, with current operational procedures creating disparity between the system and pilots\u2019 authority to handle the scenario. Additionally, the use of audio narration was negatively received by participants, primarily due to the potential overlap between other audio stimuli, masking the perception of task-critical audio prompts and delaying critical flight tasks from being performed. Design considerations were generated for future \u2018intelligent assistant\u2019 systems, with further research required to understand the effect of each modality on pilot reliance on these \u2018intelligent assistant\u2019 systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/aer.2026.10161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T10:01:57Z","timestamp":1775815317000},"page":"2268-2292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Principles for \u2018intelligent assistant\u2019 systems in future flight deck design: autonomous action integration to reduce pilot workload"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"130","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3670-2979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Declan","family":"Saunders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cncd958","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cranfield University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4029-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Blundell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cncd958","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cranfield University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8825-3701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Chin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cncd958","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cranfield University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Beecroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rolls-Royce plc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2688-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linghai","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cncd958","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cranfield University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-3665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech Tomasz","family":"Korek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cncd958","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cranfield University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cncd958","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cranfield University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42454-020-00018-8"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2018.05.002"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/aer.2022.110"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2016.7778094"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07567"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2017.1315750"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-13848-6_9"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref41","article-title":"Alarms, alerts, and warnings in air traffic control: an analysis of reports from the aviation safety reporting system","volume":"12","author":"Ruskin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2021.1890488"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.06.019"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/futuretransp5020042"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434580"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref25","unstructured":"[25] Air Line Pilot Association The Dangers of Single-Pilot Operations. ALPA White Paper, 2019. https:\/\/www.alpa.org\/-\/media\/ALPA\/Files\/pdfs\/news-events\/white-papers\/white-paper-single-pilot-operations.pdf?la=en"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref36","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","author":"Carroll","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3068476"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/2192-0923\/a000164"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2023.100922"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003081579"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42454-019-00001-y"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/aer.2022.81"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2018.07.015"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211042782"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Systematic literature review of human-centered design approach in single pilot operations","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref3","unstructured":"[3] Kirwan, B. , Charles, R. , Jones, K. , Li, W.-C. , Page, J. , Tutton, W. and Bettignies-Thiebaux, B. The human dimension in tomorrow\u2019s aviation system, CIEHF white paper, 2020. https:\/\/ergonomics.org.uk\/resource\/tomorrows-aviation-system.html"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref35","unstructured":"[35] Naifeh, N. and Kaufman, E.J. Color Vision. StatPearls [Internet], Treasure Island (FL), 2025. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29261952\/"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2024.103588"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref22","first-page":"201","article-title":"Touchscreen controls for future flight deck design: investigating visual parameters on human-computer interactions between pilot flying and pilot monitoring","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Aeronaut., Astronaut. Aviat."},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2097602"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820939691"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1128285"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820960865"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3406499.3415077"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref26","unstructured":"[26] Civil Aviation Authority CAP 737: Flight Crew Human Factors Handbook. UK Civil Aviation Authority, London, 2023. https:\/\/www.caa.co.uk\/our-work\/publications\/documents\/content\/cap-737\/"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC55683.2022.9925873"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.04.006"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-017-0087-5"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.589585"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref8","unstructured":"[8] Civil Aviation Authority. Make Monitoring Matter \u2013 Why pilot monitoring plays a key role in preventing and recovering from loss of control incidents, Monitoring Matters, UK Civil Aviation Authority, London, 2024. https:\/\/www.caa.co.uk\/safety-initiatives-and-resources\/safety-projects\/monitoring-matters\/make-monitoring-matter\/"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref18","unstructured":"[18] IATA. Global Outlook for Air Transport, Highly Resilient: less Robust, 2023. https:\/\/www.iata.org\/en\/iata-repository\/publications\/economic-reports\/global-outlook-for-air-transport----june-2023\/"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"User-centred design and evaluation of future flight deck technologies","volume":"1","author":"Parnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ergon. Hum. Fact."},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/aer.2024.91"},{"key":"S0001924026101614_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42026-0_3"}],"container-title":["The Aeronautical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0001924026101614","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T10:24:01Z","timestamp":1781864641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0001924026101614\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1349","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0001924026101614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/aer.2026.10161","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-9240","2059-6464"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-9240","type":"print"},{"value":"2059-6464","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal Aeronautical Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}