{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:30:51Z","timestamp":1793143851183,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":134,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ASHE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X23001626_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background and objective:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing in tertiary-care hospitals across India, which consumes more antibiotics than any other country. Microorganisms with novel resistance mechanisms, initially isolated in India, are now recognized worldwide. Until now, most efforts to stem AMR in India have focused on the inpatient setting. Ministry of Health data now suggest that rural areas are playing a more significant role in the pathogenesis of AMR than was previously appreciated. Thus, we conducted this pilot study to ascertain whether AMR is common in pathogens causing infections acquired in the wider rural community.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X23001626_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We performed a retrospective prevalence survey of 100 urine, 102 wound, and 102 blood cultures obtained from patients who were admitted to a tertiary-care facility in Karnataka, India, with infections acquired in the community. The study population included patients &gt;18 years of age who (1) were referred to the hospital by primary care doctors, (2) had a positive blood, urine, or wound culture, and (3) were not previously hospitalized. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) were carried out on all isolates.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X23001626_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p><jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> were the most common pathogens isolated from urine and blood cultures. Significant resistance to quinolones, aminoglycosides, carbapenems, and cephalosporins was noted among pathogens isolated from all cultures. Specifically, high resistance rates (&gt;45%) to quinolones, penicillin, and cephalosporins were evident among all 3 types of culture. Among blood and urinary pathogens, there were high resistance rates (&gt;25%) to both aminoglycosides and carbapenems.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X23001626_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Efforts to stem AMR rates in India need to focus on rural populations. Such efforts will need to characterize antimicrobial overprescribing practices, healthcare-seeking behaviors, and antimicrobial use in agriculture in rural settings.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2023.162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T11:52:47Z","timestamp":1684151567000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in urine, blood, and wound pathogens among rural patients in Karnataka, India"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4387-3763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markos","family":"Mardourian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Rhodes Brunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3234-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"K. Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archibald","family":"Lennox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumana","family":"Mahadevaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunitha","family":"Chandrashekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvvada","family":"Prudhvi Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3334-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gautam","family":"Kalyatanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2732494X23001626_ref17","unstructured":"17. 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Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infectioncontrol\/pdf\/guidelines\/cauti-guidelines-H.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2022."},{"key":"S2732494X23001626_ref2","unstructured":"2. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. World Health Organization website. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241509763. Published 2016. Accessed November 5, 2022."},{"key":"S2732494X23001626_ref7","unstructured":"7. India: national action plan on antimicrobial resistance (NAP-AMR) 2017\u20132021. World Health Organization website. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/india-national-action-plan-on-antimicrobial-resistance-(nap-amr)-2017-2021. Published 2017. 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