{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T10:03:47Z","timestamp":1769940227225,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ASHE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X23000025_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Defined daily-dose (DDD)\u2013based metrics are frequently used to measure antibiotic consumption. However, they are unsuitable for the pediatric population because they are defined using the maintenance dose for 70-kg adults. Moreover, children have large body weight variations. We assessed the prescribed daily dose (PDD) and PDD-based metrics of oral antibiotics for children to develop an alternative to DDD-based metrics in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X23000025_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We performed observational study using data from the Japanese administrative claims database between April 2018 and March 2019.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X23000025_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Of 453,001 patients (aged 1 month\u201315 years), 564,326 admissions to 1,159 hospitals were included. We showed the median PDD (mg\/day and mg\/kg\/day) and PDD-based metrics for 8 antibiotics for each age category (1 month to &lt;1 year old and 1\u20136, 7\u201312, and 13\u201315 years old). We also assessed the relationship between PDD-based metrics and days of therapy (DOT)\u2013based metrics using a scatter plot and correlation.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X23000025_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>In total, 86,389 patients (19.1%) were prescribed oral antibiotics; amoxicillin, macrolides, and third-generation cephalosporins were the most common. The PDD (mg\/day) for each antibiotic increased with age to 7\u201312 years old, when an adult dose was reached. The PDD (mg\/kg\/day) decreased with age to 13\u201315 years old, due to increasing body weight. The relationship between PDD per 1,000 patient days and DOT per 1,000 patient days differed depending on the antibiotic.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X23000025_as5\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>PDD-based metrics stratified by age could characterize antibiotic consumption, even with body-weight variations. Therefore, PDD-based metrics, in addition to DOT-based metrics, are helpful benchmarks for antibiotic use in children.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2023.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T07:51:11Z","timestamp":1675324271000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prescribed daily-dose\u2013based metrics of oral antibiotic use for hospitalized children in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Wataru","family":"Mimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7495-7409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Shinjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kensuke","family":"Shoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1894-0290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiyohide","family":"Fushimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku003"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1275"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-008-8138-4"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2018-0265"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-014-0649-6"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05288-1"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050064"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2018.374"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02605.x"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223835"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks021"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-0990-3"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9010038"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref21","unstructured":"21. National action plan on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The Government of Japan website. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/file\/06-Seisakujouhou-10900000-Kenkoukyoku\/0000138942.pdf. Published 2016. Accessed January 25, 2022."},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.234"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref5","unstructured":"5. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Guidelines for ATC classification and DDD assignment, 2022. Oslo, Norway, 2021. World Health Organization website. https:\/\/www.whocc.no\/filearchive\/publications\/2022_guidelines_web.pdf. Published 2021. 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The Government of Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Health Service Bureau Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases Control Division. Manual of Antimicrobial Stewardship (1st Edition). https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/file\/06-Seisakujouhou-10900000-Kenkoukyoku\/0000193504.pdf. Published 2017. Accessed January, 25 2022."},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01613-4"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12994"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20200288"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2018.10.002"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piz091"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-013-0374-9"},{"key":"S2732494X23000025_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.11.028"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Stewardship &amp; Healthcare Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2732494X23000025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T07:51:17Z","timestamp":1675324277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2732494X23000025\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"alternative-id":["S2732494X23000025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ash.2023.2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2732-494X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2732-494X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"article-number":"e24"}}