{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T15:51:52Z","timestamp":1765295512598,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":281,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ASHE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X24003875_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p><jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic> infection (CDI) may be misdiagnosed if testing is performed in the absence of signs or symptoms of disease. This study sought to support appropriate testing by estimating the impact of signs, symptoms, and healthcare exposures on pre-test likelihood of CDI.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X24003875_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>A panel of fifteen experts in infectious diseases participated in a modified UCLA\/RAND Delphi study to estimate likelihood of CDI. Consensus, defined as agreement by &gt;70% of panelists, was assessed via a REDCap survey. Items without consensus were discussed in a virtual meeting followed by a second survey.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X24003875_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>All fifteen panelists completed both surveys (100% response rate). In the initial survey, consensus was present on 6 of 15 (40%) items related to risk of CDI. After panel discussion and clarification of questions, consensus (&gt;70% agreement) was reached on all remaining items in the second survey. Antibiotics were identified as the primary risk factor for CDI and grouped into three categories: high-risk (likelihood ratio [LR] 7, 93% agreement among panelists in first survey), low-risk (LR 3, 87% agreement in first survey), and minimal-risk (LR 1, 71% agreement in first survey). Other major factors included new or unexplained severe diarrhea (e.g., \u2265 10 liquid bowel movements per day; LR 5, 100% agreement in second survey) and severe immunosuppression (LR 5, 87% agreement in second survey).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X24003875_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Infectious disease experts concurred on the importance of signs, symptoms, and healthcare exposures for diagnosing CDI. The resulting risk estimates can be used by clinicians to optimize CDI testing and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2024.387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T16:09:01Z","timestamp":1728403741000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Informing estimates of probability of <i>Clostridioides difficile<\/i> infection for testing and treatment: expert consensus from a modified-Delphi procedure"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2442-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Baghdadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Wessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3779-2796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik 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