{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:42:53Z","timestamp":1786999373098,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":191,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ASHE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X25100442_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Routine immunization programs may reduce antibiotic use, but few studies have comprehensively examined their impact on antibiotic utilization. We aimed to explore temporal trends in vaccination and antibiotic use among young children in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X25100442_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ecological study using the Merative\u00ae MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X25100442_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed claims data on pediatric vaccine uptake (pneumococcal conjugate,\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      type b, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, and influenza) and antibiotic prescriptions and antibiotic-treated respiratory tract infections among US children &lt;5 years during 2000\u20132019. Vaccination status was assessed annually, and children were categorized based on receipt of all four vaccines, 1\u20133 vaccines, or no vaccines. Antibiotic prescriptions were classified by spectrum and drug class. Respiratory infections included otitis media, pharyngitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, and viral infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X25100442_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 6.7 million children, vaccine uptake increased from 32.5% receiving all four vaccines in 2004 to 66.8% in 2019. During this period, overall antibiotic prescriptions decreased from 1.89 to 1.01 per person-year, with the greatest reductions in macrolides (73.3%) and broad-spectrum antibiotics (57.0%). Antibiotic-treated respiratory tract infections declined from 2.43 to 1.61 episodes per person-year, with the largest decreases in sinusitis (64.7%) and pharyngitis (39.8%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2732494X25100442_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest a temporal association between routine childhood immunization uptake and reduced antibiotic utilization. Although immunization programs are primarily aimed at protecting children from vaccine-preventable diseases, their potential role in complementing antimicrobial stewardship efforts and other factors influencing antibiotic reduction warrants further investigation through more rigorous study designs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2025.10044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T04:15:46Z","timestamp":1752207346000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Temporal trends in vaccination and antibiotic use among young children in the United States, 2000\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9422-1215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Eiden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoonyoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7566-2813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8731-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary S.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6517-646X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolae","family":"Done","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goran","family":"Bencina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Signorovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref29","first-page":"ofad098","volume-title":"Trends in Streptococcus Pneumoniae Antimicrobial Resistance in US Children: A Multicenter Evaluation","author":"Mohanty","year":"2023"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix195"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12260"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref4","unstructured":"4. Kaiser Family Foundation. Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance 101. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/health-policy-101-employer-sponsored-health-insurance\/?entry=table-of-contents-what-is-employer-sponsored-health-insurance."},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref5","unstructured":"5. Merative. MarketScan Research Databases for life sciences researchers. https:\/\/www.merative.com\/content\/dam\/merative\/documents\/brief\/marketscan-research-databases-for-life-sciences-researchers.pdf"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref20","unstructured":"20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (National Action Plan). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugresistance\/us-activities\/national-action-plan.html."},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0441"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref6","unstructured":"6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule by Age. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/schedules\/hcp\/imz\/child-adolescent.html#addendum-child."},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.06.030"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa223"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.09.009"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009611"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref26","first-page":"61","article-title":"Neighborhood socioeconomic status is associated with low diversity gut microbiomes and multi-drug resistant microorganism colonization","volume":"9","author":"Zuniga-Chaves","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ biofilmsmicrobiomes"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605087"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir531"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-009693"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu542"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.20193.1"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13151"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00428-16"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2019-000487"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3174-6"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.3319"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e784","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-4059","article-title":"Children\u2019s health insurance program (CHIP): accomplishments, challenges, and policy recommendations","volume":"133","author":"Racine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in healthcare utilization and costs associated with pneumonia in the United States during 2008 \u2013 2014","volume":"18","author":"Tong","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref7","unstructured":"7. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. Vaccine History Timeline. https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/vaccines\/vaccine-timeline\/."},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis629"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1071"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref24","unstructured":"24. Davis, JR. Managed care systems and emerging infections: challenges and opportunities for strengthening surveillance, research, and prevention: workshop summary. 2000."},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1332"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3488"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-023-01272-6"},{"key":"S2732494X25100442_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2017.1372195"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Stewardship &amp; Healthcare Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2732494X25100442","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T04:15:48Z","timestamp":1752207348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2732494X25100442\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["S2732494X25100442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ash.2025.10044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2732-494X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2732-494X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"e151"}}