{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T14:58:52Z","timestamp":1784645932764,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anim. welf."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>At least 200 billion black soldier fly (<jats:italic>Hermetia illucens<\/jats:italic>) larvae (BSFL) are reared each year as food and feed, and the insect farming industry is projected to grow rapidly. Despite interest by consumers, producers, and legislators, no empirical evidence exists to guide producers in practicing humane \u2013 or instantaneous \u2013 slaughter for these novel mini-livestock. BSFL may be slaughtered via freezing, boiling, grinding, or other methods; however standard operating procedures (SOPs) and equipment design may affect the likelihood of instantaneous death using these methods. We tested how larval body size and particle size plate hole diameter affect the likelihood of instantaneous death for black soldier fly larvae that are slaughtered using a standard meat grinder. Larval body size did not affect the likelihood of instantaneous death for larvae that are 106\u2013175 mg in mass. However, particle size plate hole diameter had a significant effect on the likelihood of instantaneous death, with only 54% of larvae experiencing an instant death when using the largest particle size plate (12-mm hole diameter) compared to 84% using the smallest particle size plate (2.55 mm). However, a higher percentage of instantaneous death (up to 99%) could be achieved by reducing the proportion of larvae that become stuck in the machine. We conclude by outlining specific recommendations to support producers in achieving a 99% instantaneous death rate through specific SOPs to be used with similarly designed machines. We also develop a protocol for producers that wish to test their own grinding SOPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/awf.2024.10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T09:31:51Z","timestamp":1710235911000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Grinding as a slaughter method for farmed black soldier fly (<i>Hermetia illucens<\/i>) larvae: Empirical recommendations to achieve instantaneous killing"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1270-4983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I Theresse","family":"Veloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey","family":"Flint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig D","family":"Perl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bob","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery K","family":"Tomberlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0962728624000101_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.653041","article-title":"Insect consciousness","volume":"15","author":"Overgaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"S0962728624000101_r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3920\/JIFF2020.0061","article-title":"Welfare of farmed insects","volume":"7","author":"van Huis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Insects as Food and Feed"},{"key":"S0962728624000101_r38","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Ensuring high standards of animal welfare in insect production","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0962728624000101_r17","unstructured":"Carlson, T 2023 Chef Joseph Yoon: Edible insects are just another option for humans to consider. 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