{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T12:57:01Z","timestamp":1780577821988,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Impairment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1443964621000255_as1\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) can lead to lasting changes in brain structure and function resulting in cognitive impairment. Cognitive screening tools may lack sensitivity for detecting cognitive impairments, particularly executive function, which tends to be the earliest affected domain in vascular cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1443964621000255_as2\"><jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this preliminary study, we examine a working memory (WMem) task as a sensitive measure of cognitive impairment in TIA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1443964621000255_as3\"><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients referred to a TIA clinic for transient neurological symptoms completed a general cognitive screening tool (Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MoCA), and a WMem task (2-N-back) in a cross-sectional design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1443964621000255_as4\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>TIA patients (n = 12) showed significantly reduced WMem performance on the N-back compared to patients diagnosed with mimic clinical conditions with overlapping symptoms (n = 16). No group differences were observed on the MoCA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1443964621000255_as5\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assessing WMem may provide a sensitive measure of cognitive impairment after TIA, with implications for cognitive screening in TIA services to triage patients for further neuropsychological support, or for interventions to prevent vascular dementia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/brimp.2021.25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T08:51:34Z","timestamp":1639558294000},"page":"124-131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Working Memory Impairment in Transient Ischaemic Attack: N-back as a Sensitive Measure for Detection"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3275-1530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polly","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1206-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Clatworthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Gallop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1323-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Stothart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1443964621000255_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0000000000000236","article-title":"Transient ischemic attack and cognitive impairment: A review","volume":"48","author":"Ganzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Nursing"},{"key":"S1443964621000255_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.016044","article-title":"White matter imaging correlates of early cognitive impairment detected by the montreal cognitive assessment after transient ischemic attack and minor stroke","volume":"48","author":"Zamboni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"S1443964621000255_ref1","first-page":"111","article-title":"The telephone interview for cognitive status","volume":"1","author":"Brandt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology"},{"key":"S1443964621000255_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"S1443964621000255_ref8","first-page":"615","article-title":"Working memory, attention control, and the N-back task: A question of construct validity","volume":"33","author":"Kane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"S1443964621000255_ref17","unstructured":"Stroke Association (2014). Not just a funny turn. The real impact of TIA. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.stroke.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/sa-tia-summary-6pp-sp-v2-lores.pdf."},{"key":"S1443964621000255_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.192218","article-title":"Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists","volume":"40","author":"Easton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"S1443964621000255_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000142964.83484.DE","article-title":"Progression of cognitive impairment in stroke patients","volume":"63","author":"Sachdev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"S1443964621000255_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1159\/000289344","article-title":"Predicting cognitive dysfunctioning in nondemented patients early after stroke","volume":"29","author":"Jaillard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cerebrovascular Disorders"},{"key":"S1443964621000255_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12435","article-title":"Daily life consequences, cognitive impairment, and fatigue after transient ischemic attack","volume":"133","author":"Kj\u00f6rk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"S1443964621000255_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2013-000782","article-title":"Transient ischaemic attacks: Mimics and chameleons","volume":"14","author":"Nadarajan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Practical 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