{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:57:18Z","timestamp":1790873838827,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,20]],"date-time":"2014-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413763200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":49,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. J. Neurol. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0317167114000031_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive impairments are common in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Despite its clinical importance, the development of dementia is still difficult to predict. In this study, we investigated the possible associations between non-motor symptoms and the risk of developing dementia within a 2-year observation period in PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0317167114000031_abs2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 80 patients with PD participated in this study. Nonmotor symptoms (the Nonmotor Symptoms Questionnaire), PD status (Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale), depression (Geriatric d Depression Scale or Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale), stereopsis and severity of nonmotor symptoms (Non-motor symptoms scale) were assessed. Global cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination) were evaluated at baseline and 2 years later.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0317167114000031_abs3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Presence of depression, vivid dreaming, REM sleep behavior disorders, hyposmia, abnormal stereopsis, non-smoking and postural instability\/ gait disturbance phenotype were associated with a significantly more rapid decline of Mini-Mental State Examination. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that depression (odds ratio=13.895), abnormal stereopsis (odds ratio=10.729), vivid dreaming (odds ratio=4.16), REM sleep behavior disorders (odds ratio=5.353) and hyposmia (odds ratio=4.911) were significant independent predictors of dementia risk within 2 years. Postural instability\/ gait disturbance phenotype and age &gt;62 years were also independent predictors of dementia risk (odd ratio=38.333, odds ratio=10.625).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0317167114000031_abs4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We suggest that depression, vivid dreaming, REM sleep behavior disorders, hyposmia and abnormal stereopsis are closely associated with cognitive decline, and that presence of these nonmotor symptoms predict the subsequent development of Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2014.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]],"date-time":"2014-10-31T15:59:58Z","timestamp":1414771198000},"page":"597-602","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Nonmotor Symptoms and Cognitive Decline in <i>de novo<\/i> Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Kyum-Yil","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Hoon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Mi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Wan","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seon-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Beom","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20216"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32835edbc5"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000145764.70698.4E"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr321"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp223"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21844"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref15","first-page":"466","article-title":"A validation study of the Korean-version of Mongomery-Asberg depression rating scale","volume":"44","author":"Ahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24939"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb06891.x"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.077719"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10518"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10473"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000036610.36834.E0"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100011501"},{"key":"S0317167114000031_ref19","first-page":"1529","article-title":"Variable expression of Parkinson's disease: a base-line analysis of the DATATOP cohort","volume":"40","author":"Jankovic","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Parkinson Study Group. 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