{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:22:14Z","timestamp":1756189334269},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,11]],"date-time":"2015-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441929600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. J. Neurol. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>On February 11, 2015, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency announced that a cow born and raised in Alberta had tested positive for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease. BSE is a prion disease of cattle that, when transmitted to humans, produces a fatal neurodegenerative disease known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. We believe that this latest case of BSE in Canadian cattle suggests the timeliness of a review of the management of BSE in Canada from a historically and scientifically informed perspective. In this article, we ask: how did the Canadian management of BSE between 1990 and 2014 engage with the contemporary understanding of BSE\u2019s human health implications? We propose that Canadian policies largely ignored the implicit medical nature of BSE, treating it as a purely agricultural and veterinary issue. In this way, policies to protect Canadians were often delayed and incomplete, in a manner disturbingly reminiscent of Britain\u2019s failed management of BSE. Despite assurances to the contrary, it is premature to conclude that BSE (and with it the risk of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) is a thing of Canada\u2019s past: BSE remains very much an issue in Canada\u2019s present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2015.286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,11]],"date-time":"2015-09-11T01:35:59Z","timestamp":1441935359000},"page":"472-481","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Canadian Management of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Historical and Scientific Perspective, 1990-2014"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Alexandra E.","family":"Quimby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel C.F.","family":"Shamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3181cd7374"},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref20","first-page":"59","article-title":"A policy analysis of major decisions relating to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and the blood supply","volume":"165","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13669870600924584"},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref11","volume-title":"The BSE inquiry report","author":"Philips","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJRAM.2010.035935"},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/39057"},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00163-X"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0317167115002863_ref74.1","unstructured":"1. 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Two cows born with BSE on same Alberta farm, says CFIA [Internet] [updated 2015 Feb 27"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0317167115002863_ref75.2","unstructured":"9. cited 2015 Mar 20]. Available from: http:\/\/globalnews.ca\/news\/1855898\/two-cows-with-bse-born-on-same-alberta-farm-says-cfia\/."},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref21","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Thinking North America","author":"Wolfe","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7045.1502a"},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref31","volume-title":"Neuropathology: a reference text of CNS pathology","author":"Ellison","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref56","unstructured":"Dunn FJ . Report of the Auditor General on the Alberta government\u2019s BSE-related assistance programs. Edmonton (AB): Office of the Auditor General; 2007 July. Report No.: ISBN0-7785-3703-X."},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref18","volume-title":"Mad cow disease 1980s-2000: how reassurances undermined precaution. in Haeremo\u00ebs P. The precautionary principle in the 20th century: late lessons from early warnings","author":"Von Zwanenberg","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(00)00228-4"},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/38925"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0317167115002863_ref1.1","unstructured":"11. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Canada's food inspection agency confirms bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Alberta [Internet]. [updated 2015 Feb 20"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0317167115002863_ref1.2","unstructured":"12. cited 2015 Mar 20]. 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Regina (SK), Canada: Saskatchewan Institute of Public Policy; 2005. [cited 2015 Mar 16]. Available from: http:\/\/www.publications.gov.sk.ca\/details.cfm?p=11966."},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref55","unstructured":"Alberta Farmer Express. As pain from BSE fades, Canada struggles on testing commitment [Internet]. 2014 Nov 17 [cited 5 Mar 2015]. Available from: http:\/\/www.albertafarmexpress.ca\/2014\/11\/17\/as-the-pain-from-bse-fades-canada-struggles-to-meet-testing-commitment\/."},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10806-004-5185-4"},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref28","unstructured":"Aldy JE , Viscusi WK . Risk regulation lessons from mad cows. 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Available from: http:\/\/www.hc-sc.gc.ca\/fn-an\/securit\/animal\/bse-esb\/policy_srm-politique_mrs-eng.php."},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref57","unstructured":"Canadian Cattlemen\u2019s Association. BSE documents [Internet]. c2013 - [cited 2014 Dec 3]. Available from: http:\/\/www.cattle.ca\/market-access\/market-access-strategy\/bse\/bse-documents\/."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0317167115002863_ref5.1","unstructured":"37. Vossen P . Oral exposure of humans to the BSE agent: infective dose and species barrier. Scientific Steering Committee, European Commission. [published online 2000 March 3"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0317167115002863_ref5.2","unstructured":"38. cited 2015 May 18]. Available from: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/fs\/sc\/ssc\/out71_en.pdf."},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390903084629"},{"key":"S0317167115002863_ref4","unstructured":"Shamy MCF . 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