{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:33:39Z","timestamp":1790836419353,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. J. Neurol. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT:<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0317167122002700_as1\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long latency reflexes (LLRs) are impaired in a wide array of clinical conditions. We aimed to illustrate the clinical applications and recent advances of LLR in various neurological disorders from a systematic review of published literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0317167122002700_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reviewed the literature using appropriately chosen MeSH terms on the database platforms of MEDLINE, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar for all the articles from 1st January 1975 to 2nd February 2021 using the search terms \u201clong loop reflex\u201d, \u201clong latency reflex\u201d and \u201cC-reflex\u201d. The included articles were analyzed and reported using synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0317167122002700_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on our selection criteria, 40 articles were selected for the systematic review. The various diseases included parkinsonian syndromes (11 studies, 217 patients), Huntington\u2019s disease (10 studies, 209 patients), myoclonus of varied etiologies (13 studies, 127 patients) including progressive myoclonic epilepsy (5 studies, 63 patients) and multiple sclerosis (6 studies, 200 patients). Patients with parkinsonian syndromes showed large amplitude LLR II response. Enlarged LLR II was also found in myoclonus of various etiologies. LLR II response was delayed or absent in Huntington\u2019s disease. Delayed LLR II response was present in multiple sclerosis. Among the other diseases, LLR response varied according to the location of cerebellar lesions while the results were equivocal in patients with essential tremor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0317167122002700_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abnormal LLR is observed in many neurological disorders. 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