{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:17:17Z","timestamp":1787732237933,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. J. Neurol. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0317167123002603_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Causalgia and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type II with nerve injury can be difficult to treat. Surgical peripheral nerve denervation for causalgia has been largely abandoned by pain clinicians because of a perception that this may aggravate a central component (anesthesia dolorosa).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0317167123002603_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We selectively searched Pubmed, Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, and Scopus from 1947 for articles, books, and book chapters for evidence of surgical treatments (nerve resection and amputation) and treatment related to autoimmunity and immune deficiency with CRPS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0317167123002603_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Reviews were found for the treatment of causalgia or CRPS type II (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6), causalgia relieved by nerve resection (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6), and causalgia and CRPS II treated by amputation (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 8). Twelve reports were found of autoimmunity with CRPS, one paper of these on associated immune deficiency and autoimmunity, and two were chosen for discussion regarding treatment with immunoglobulin and one by plasma exchange. We document a report of a detailed and unique pathological examination of a CRPS type II affected amputated limb and related successful treatment with immunoglobulin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0317167123002603_as7\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nerve resection, with grafting, and relocation may relieve uncomplicated causalgia and CRPS type II in some patients in the long term. However, an unrecognized and treatable immunological condition may underly some CRPS II cases and can lead to the ultimate failure of surgical treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2023.260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T05:20:04Z","timestamp":1690262404000},"page":"351-356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Causalgia: A Review of Nerve Resection, Amputation, Immunotherapy, and Amputated Limb CRPS II Pathology"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"C. Peter N.","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Midha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9617-4712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise W.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2021.05.002"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref30","first-page":"441","article-title":"Amputation is an unusual treatment for therapy-resistance complex regional pain syndrome type I","volume":"15","author":"Kashy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ochsner"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.10.015"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004718"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.06.012"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2015\/18\/383"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2730"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001662"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009416.pub2"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.09.009"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-018-1091-5"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1381.018"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806918799127"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref28","first-page":"226","article-title":"Amputation for long standing therapy-resistant type 1 complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Krans-Schreuder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.01.018"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.98B4.36422"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.09.022"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref1","volume-title":"Gunshot wounds and other injuries of nerves","author":"Mitchell","year":"1864"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-003-0072-7"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/718201"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.05.033"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.032","article-title":"Surgical management of neuroma pain: a prospective follow-up study","volume":"151","author":"Stovkis","year":"2010","journal-title":"PAIN"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12582"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2020.01.004"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Amputation for complex regional pain syndrome: meta-analysis and validation of a histopathology scoring system","author":"Howard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref32","first-page":"1406","article-title":"Is the pain medicine community reluctant to discuss limb amputation in patients with intractable complex regional pain syndrome?","volume":"18","author":"Midbari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.04.030"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-10-460741"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000143066.58498.BA"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.07.018"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.44.12.1068"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.01.025"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.4.190008"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01329"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-187207000-00024"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0509"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-021-00279-4"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2013.822023"},{"key":"S0317167123002603_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-009-9237-0"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences \/ Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0317167123002603","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T02:19:44Z","timestamp":1767838784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0317167123002603\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0317167123002603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cjn.2023.260","relation":{},"ISSN":["0317-1671","2057-0155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0317-1671","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-0155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]}}}