{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:23:43Z","timestamp":1785432223081,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. J. Neurol. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S031716712510485X_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder whose diagnostic motor symptoms appear only after significant progression of neurodegeneration. Identification of preclinical markers is essential. Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) has a high risk of conversion to PD. Olfactory impairment (hyposmia) is present in both PD and iRBD; hyposmia in iRBD may be an additional clue indicating the development of PD. The processes underlying hyposmia in iRBD are unknown. Using resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), a \u201csensory olfactory subnetwork\u201d (SOS) has been identified that is thought to represent the processing of basic sensory olfactory information. We investigated whether changes in the SOS are seen in both PD and iRBD and whether changes are associated with hyposmia in both conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S031716712510485X_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and a seed-based approach to analyze SOS region rsFC in early PD, iRBD and healthy controls (HC) were employed. Our SOS regions included (right hemisphere) anterior piriform cortex, dorsal insula (INSd), ventral insula (INSv), posterior insula (INSp) and ventral posterior thalamus (THLvp).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S031716712510485X_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to HC, idiopathic iRBD and PD participants performed significantly worse on UPSIT and exhibited lower FC between INSd and INSv and higher FC between INSd and THLvp and INSv and THLvp. UPSIT scores were negatively correlated with FC between INSv and THLvp and INSp and THLvp.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S031716712510485X_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Idiopathic iRBD may be associated with similar functional and perceptual olfactory alterations and potential compensatory changes as early PD, which may show promise as additional preclinical biomarkers of PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2025.10485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T10:11:37Z","timestamp":1766052697000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Functional Connectivity in the Sensory Olfactory Subnetwork in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Gardner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gosia","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerrie","family":"Schoffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold Arthur","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01e6qks80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Dalhousie University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2129-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberley","family":"Good","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01e6qks80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Dalhousie University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.060"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(84)90269-5"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.048"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2019.0104"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00410-y"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.12.038"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref7","first-page":"S281","article-title":"Brain-first versus gut-first Parkinson\u2019s disease: A hypothesis","volume":"9","author":"Borghammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Park Dis"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.02.047"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref17","first-page":"1390","article-title":"Resting-state functional MRI: Everything that nonexperts have always wanted to know","volume":"39","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1132"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000340980.19702.6e"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001265"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu084"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12080963"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.02.009"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.09.008"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref14","first-page":"455","article-title":"The \u03b1-synuclein origin and connectome model (SOC model) of Parkinson\u2019s disease: explaining motor asymmetry, non-motor phenotypes, and cognitive decline","volume":"11","author":"Borghammer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Park Dis"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00057-0"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0551-19.2020"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.12.021"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.12.005"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400917697342"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101946"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref2","first-page":"s3","article-title":"The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Park Dis"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref28","first-page":"171","article-title":"Software tools for analysis and visualization of fMRI data","volume":"10","author":"Cox","year":"1997","journal-title":"NMR Biomed Int J Devoted Dev Appl Magn Reson Vivo"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-0956-9"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26431"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref30","first-page":"637","article-title":"Functional connectivity signatures of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Tessitore","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Park Dis"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26847"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089741"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21291"},{"key":"S031716712510485X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences \/ Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S031716712510485X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T10:11:39Z","timestamp":1766052699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S031716712510485X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S031716712510485X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cjn.2025.10485","relation":{},"ISSN":["0317-1671","2057-0155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0317-1671","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-0155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]}}}