{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T20:11:57Z","timestamp":1793218317921,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":164,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Trans. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2059866121008013_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing cause of chronic liver disease that accompanies obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Excess fructose consumption can initiate or exacerbate NAFLD in part due to a consequence of impaired hepatic fructose metabolism. Preclinical data emphasized that fructose-induced altered gut microbiome, increased gut permeability, and endotoxemia play an important role in NAFLD, but human studies are sparse. The present study aimed to determine if two weeks of excess fructose consumption significantly alters gut microbiota or permeability in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2059866121008013_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed a pilot double-blind, cross-over, metabolic unit study in 10 subjects with obesity (body mass index [BMI] 30\u201340\u00a0mg\/kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Each arm provided 75\u00a0grams of either fructose or glucose added to subjects\u2019 individual diets for 14 days, substituted isocalorically for complex carbohydrates, with a 19-day wash-out period between arms. Total fructose intake provided in the fructose arm of the study totaled a mean of 20.1% of calories. Outcome measures included fecal microbiota distribution, fecal metabolites, intestinal permeability, markers of endotoxemia, and plasma metabolites.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2059866121008013_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Routine blood, uric acid, liver function, and lipid measurements were unaffected by the fructose intervention. The fecal microbiome (including\n                      <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphilia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), fecal metabolites, gut permeability, indices of endotoxemia, gut damage or inflammation, and plasma metabolites were essentially unchanged by either intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S2059866121008013_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In contrast to rodent preclinical findings, excess fructose did not cause changes in the gut microbiome, metabolome, and permeability as well as endotoxemia in humans with obesity fed fructose for 14 days in amounts known to enhance NAFLD.<\/jats:p>\n                  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